Building a Master Gardener “IPM Master Plan” for the Lawn and Garden

1. Building a Master Gardener “IPM Master Plan” for the Lawn and Garden IPM Tom A. Royer Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University

2. What is IPM? • IPM is a sustainable approach that combines the use of prevention, avoidance, monitoring, and suppression strategies in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks • ~USDA-CSREES 1998~ Oklahoma State University

3. What is IPM? • Comprehensive: integration of pest control tactics (preventative and remedial), applied when needed (monitoring) considers multiple pests, and is based on sound science • Economically sound • Environmentally responsible • Meets needs of society Oklahoma State University

4. What is IPM? • Before WWII  multiple tactics to limit pest damage • After WWII  chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT), organophosphates, etc. • Golden Age of Insecticides • Silent Spring • Integrated Pest Management Oklahoma State University

5. Commitment • Economically feasible • Thorough planning • Adequate information IPM Master Plan Design: Keys to Success Oklahoma State University

6. The Opponent: What is a Pest? • A pest is any organism that interferes with the interests of humans, such as food, fiber, and health (a plant, fungus or animal that is out of place) • Arthropods • Insects, mites, ticks • Other invertebrates • Slugs, nematodes • Plant pathogens • Virus, fungi, bacteria • Plants • “Weeds,” volunteer crop plants • Vertebrates • Deer, gophers, birds, people Oklahoma State University

7. The Opponent: What is a Pest? • Abiotic “pests” • Nutrient imbalances • Water imbalances • Toxic chemicals • Temperature extremes • Mechanical injury Oklahoma State University

8. Designing an IPM Master Plan First Things first • An ability to properly identify pest • Needed: an understanding of the pests requirements to live. Oklahoma State University

9. Cultural Control Plant Disease Triangle Favorable Environment Virulent Pathogen Susceptible Host Oklahoma State University

10. Cultural Control Insect Life Cycles Complete Metamorphosis Incomplete Metamorphosis Oklahoma State University

11. Cultural Control Weed Life Cycles Oklahoma State University

12. Designing an IPM Master Plan Defense: • Plays that prevent pest outbreaks • Biological Control • Cultural Control • Regulatory Control • Genetic Control • Physical/Mechanical Control Oklahoma State University

13. Designing an IPM Master Plan Biological control: Use of natural enemies to help manage pests below economic levels Biological Oklahoma State University

14. Biological Control The 3 P’s: Predators, Parasites, Pathogens Oklahoma State University

15. Biological Control Parasite of insects Parasitic wasps Parasitic flies Oklahoma State University

16. Biological Control Predators: larger than the prey, eat many prey, fast moving, generalist eaters. Oklahoma State University

17. Biological Control Pathogens: insects get sick too! Aphid fungus disease Oklahoma State University

18. Biological Control • Classical • Most effective against imported pests. Natural enemies from native land are imported and released • Augmentation (supplemental releases) • Inoculation – periodic releases, especially at key times, such as in a greenhouse • Inundation – release in large numbers • Conservation • Manipulation of the environment or habitat Oklahoma State University

19. Designing an IPM Master Plan Cultural Biological Oklahoma State University

20. Cultural Control • Selecting healthy plants to begin with • Good horticultural practices, placing plants in the • proper growing conditions in the landscape • Sanitation: cleaning up debris (hiding places) and • cleaning up dead plants to reduce overwintering • survival • Host-plant resistance: selecting plants that are tolerant or resistant to pests. Oklahoma State University

21. Cultural Control • Plant selection • Well adapted (OK Proven) • Healthy • Known pests that might occur regularly Oklahoma State University

22. Cultural Control • Good horticultural practices • Site selection • Adequate fertility • Adequate sunlight • Adequate water • Proper pruning • A stressed plant is: • more attractive to pests • less able to defend itself • more likely to suffer injury Oklahoma State University

23. Cultural Control Host-plant resistance • Antixenosis (non-preference) • The inability of a plant to serve as a host; usually repellent to the pest • Antibiosis • Plant has adverse effect on pest’s survival, longevity, or fecundity • Tolerance • Despite pest damage, plant produces a greater yield than would a susceptible cultivar Oklahoma State University

24. Designing an IPM Master Plan Regulatory Cultural Biological Oklahoma State University

25. Regulatory Control • Keeping exotic/native pests from establishing or expanding through regulation: • Quarantine – Pine shoot beetle, emerald ash borer • Area-wide eradication programs - boll weevil • Noxious weed laws - musk thistle • Special treatment of imported goods: Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, Japanese beetle. Oklahoma State University

26. Regulatory Control Red Imported Fire Ant Quarantined Areas Oklahoma State University

27. Regulatory Control Japanese beetle distribution in Oklahoma Oklahoma State University

28. Regulatory Control Asian Longhorned Beetle Cottonwood Borer Common in OK Oklahoma State University

29. Regulatory Control Emerald Ash Borer Sprouts below larval galleries Oklahoma State University

30. Regulatory Control Sudden Oak Death • Disease discovered in Calif. oaks in 1995 • Also infects nursery stock On camellia Sprouts below larval galleries On vibernum Oklahoma State University

31. Designing an IPM Master Plan Genetic Regulatory Cultural Biological Oklahoma State University

32. Genetic Control Control through manipulation of genetic material of pest. Sterile male technique with screwworm Mating disruption with pheromones works in much the same way, disrupting the reproductive process. Oklahoma State University

33. Genetic Control • Use of transgenic technology could be classified as genetic control. • Varieties that have been transformed to resist plant pathogens • Plants that have been transformed to resist herbicides • Plants that have been transformed to make their own insecticide. Oklahoma State University

34. Designing an IPM Master Plan Physical & Mechanical Genetic Regulatory Cultural Biological Oklahoma State University

35. Mechanical Control Use of physical barriers, machines or objects to prevent an infestation (preventative), or kill the pest (remedial) Oklahoma State University

36. Mechanical/Physical Control • Examples: • Horticultural fabrics to cover plants (preventative) • Sticky bands around a tree for elm leaf beetle (remedial) • Use of cold or heat to kill (remedial) • Flyswatter (remedial) Oklahoma State University

37. Designing an IPM Master Plan Offense: (Remedial) • Options that correct a pest outbreak once it has occurred. • Mechanical Control (Some) • Chemical Control Oklahoma State University

38. Designing an IPM Master Plan Don’tAbout a Good Forget Scouting Program Oklahoma State University

39. Designing an IPM Master Plan Chemical Scouting Physical & Mechanical Genetic Cultural Regulatory Biological

40. Designing an IPM Master Plan • Pheromone traps • Light traps • Sticky tape Tools for Scouting Oklahoma State University

41. Chemical Physical & Mechanical Genetic Regulatory Cultural Biological Designing an IPM Master Plan Oklahoma State University

42. Chemical Control Pesticides: New ones are more specific, less toxic, and have new modes of action. Often exploiting biologically active chemicals within the pests’ physiology Other chemical controls: Pheromones: mating disruption Attractants: baits laced with toxins Plants that produce their own pesticide Oklahoma State University

43. Mode of Action • Must be aware of how the insecticide works for proper evaluation of effectiveness and health hazards for applicators • Specific, slow acting modes of action (MOA) may be useful for preserving beneficial insects • Very important for resistance management considerations; i.e.. rotation of MOA’s • Sometimes can get synergistic interaction with mixes of insecticides with different MOA’s Oklahoma State University

44. Chemical Nature • Residual activity, route of entry, effectiveness under different temperatures, potential for off-target movement. • Some compounds last much longer. • Some work better in “hot” weather, others work best in cool conditions, some are “systemic”. • Some compounds volatize, bind with soil, etc... • Water pH in tank can affect some compounds. Oklahoma State University

45. Spectrum of Activity • Preservation of beneficials, potential to cause secondary pest outbreaks, usefulness for multiple pest control. • OP’s, pyrethroids, carbamates have wide spectrum of activity (however some compounds within each class may be more selective). • Gaucho, Confirm, Dipel have more narrow spectrum of activity. Oklahoma State University

46. Resistance Management What Is Pesticide Resistance? A heritable characteristic that permits a pest to survive exposure to a full field rate of a properly applied pesticide. It may lead to field failure. It is most likely to arise as a result of poor application technique or failure to follow resistant management guidelines. Oklahoma State University

47. How Does Resistance Develop Many acres of crop are treated with the same chemical control, exposing nearly all of the pest population to the toxin. Susceptible individuals are killed, and those rare individuals that have some genetic ResistancE, survive. They REPRODUCE, and pass along those “resistance genes” to the general PEST population. The selection cycle continues, and before long, the RESISTANCE GENE IS PREVALENT IN THE POPULATION Oklahoma State University

48. Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) Types of Pesticide Resistance Pests may become resistant through the development of a number of mechanisms. These include: Metabolic Resistance – enhanced ability to detoxify Target Site Modification – genetic control of target site Delayed Penetration – pesticide penetration is slowed Behavioral Resistance – pest detects and avoids Oklahoma State University

49. Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) What is IRAC? The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee was formed in 1984 to provide a coordinated crop protection industry response to the development of resistance in insect and mite pests. Our aim is to keep all classes of insecticides & acaricides as viable control options. By maintaining efficacy, IRAC is dedicated to the support of sustainable agriculture and vector control. Oklahoma State University

50. Insect Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) Mode of Action Classes IRAC has developed a mode of action classification based upon the known ways in which different products act. Effective resistance management (IRM) is dependent on reducing selection pressure and IRAC has developed and recommends strategies that involve using different modes of action. IRAC promotes product labeling to help growers practice effective IRM through the use of alternations or sequences of modes of action. IRAC is investigating the value of rotational programs in managing resistance in malaria transmitting mosquitoes. Oklahoma State University