Bridging our differences ?

1. Bridgingourdifferences? Music Cataloguing in Europe and RDA Anders Cato BTJ

2. Bridgingourdifferences? • Cataloging in Europe. Are we that different? • International standards and rulesWhat is being done by IFLA? By other organisations? • RDA and other new developments.Implications for Europe?

3. Cataloguing in Europe • Different cataloguing traditions going far back • Universities, monasteries and other libraries with their own rules and preferences • Most catalogues mainly existed for inventory use, not designed for search & retrieval • Each catalogue is in its own language

4. Cataloguing in Europe • Late 1800s, early 1900s: first attempts at standardization • Centralized production of catalogue cards • Catalogues being more used for search & retrieval becoming open for more users – even patrons! • The cataloguing world was slowly becoming globalized

5. Cataloguing in Europe • After World War II • First real attempts at real standardization, above all within IFLA • Paris 1961: IFLA Conference on Cataloguing Principles, resulting in the so called ”Paris Principles”

6. Paris Principles State that the function of the catalogue is to ascertain whether a library contains a particular book as specified by: • its author and title; • if the author is unknown, by its title; • if author and title are inappropriate or insufficient for identification, a suitable substitute for the title; and • which works by a particular author, and, which editions of a particular work are in the library

7. International Standard BibliographicDescription (ISBD) • Developed by IFLA in the late 1960s, and 1970s • Offers a standardized way for all bibliographic description • Also standardized terminology for bibliographic description • The ISBD family serve as a basis for most cataloguing codes developed after 1970 • For music scores: ISBD(PM)

8. International Standard BibliographicDescription (ISBD) • Early 2000: Need for revision of the ISBDs. • From 2010: ISBD Consolidated Edition • The Paris Principles plus the ISBD serve more or less as the “IFLA Cataloguing code” from 1970

9. Europearound 1970 • United Kingdom & Ireland: AACR: Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 1st ed. • German-speaking parts of Europe:RAK: Regeln der alfabetischenKatalogiserierung • French-speaking parts of Europe: AFNOR rules and ISBD

10. Europearound 1970 • Spain & ItalyISBD-based rules. Spanish rules with more influence of AACR. • Nordic countries • Sweden & Norway: Tendencies towards AACR • Finland: ISBD very strong • Denmark: AACR- and ISBD-influenced rules, but have their own approach.

11. 1980s: AACR getting stronger • AACR2 published in 1978First set of rules that unified the North American and British rules • AACR2 serve as a basis for several sets of rules in Europe, such as Spain, Sweden, Norway – but with local adaptations! • ISBD stronger in Southern and Eastern Europe

12. 1980s: AACR getting stronger The largest countries keep their own sets of rules: • Germany: RAK • France: ISBD & AFNOR

13. Music cataloguing: Some major differences Physical description • German RAK: • Music Presentation Statement AreaIn German rules included in the edition statement • More exact medium specified than in AACR • More abbreviations used even in the description, and above all in the notes area e.g. RAK: “Ital. Orig.-Fassungmitdt.UntertitelnAACR: “Original Italian version with German subtitles” • But: ISBD punctuation is being used

14. Music cataloguing: Some major differences Physical description • German RAK: • Einheitssachtitel = Uniform titles • Independent titles – quitesimilartreatment, e.g.RAK: L’elisird’amore <Ouvertüre>AACR: Elisird’amore. Overture • Titles starting with form of compostion. Here the medium of performance is heavily abbreviated and shorter than in AACRRAK: Sonaten, Kl, op. 35AACR: Sonatas, piano, no. 2, op. 35, B♭ minor • Articles arekept (seeabove)

15. Music cataloguing: Some major differences • Physical description • French rules: • Following ISBD (PM)And from 2010 ISBD Consolidated. • Uniform titles:NF Z 44-079, Forme et structure des vedettestitresuniformesmusicaux

16. Music cataloguing: Some major differences • Uniform titles • French rules: • Numbers are kept in the uniform titleAFNOR: Vierletzte Lieder AACR: Letzte LiederAFNOR: 12 cantates. Voix, basse continue. Op. 4 AACR: Cantatas, op. 4 • Articles are keptAFNOR: L’elisird’amoreAACR: Elisird’amore • A bit more leaning towards regarding titles as distinctive where AACR has form.Allowing for alternative medium of performance in the uiform title, e.g.: ”flûteouviolon”

17. Music cataloguing: Some major differences • Even if some rules are close to AACR it can still be hard to understand a uniform title… • Finnish rules:Mozart, Wolfgang AmadeusSonaatit, piano 4-kät., KV186c = KV358, B-duuri; sov., sello, piano, F-duuri

18. Music cataloguing: Some major differences • Personal names • Different rules for selecting authorised forms • Liszt, Franz, 1811-1886 • Liszt, Ferenc, 1811-1886 • Liszt Ferenc, 1811-1886 • Different rules for translitteration • Шнитке, Альфред, 1934-1998 • Schnittke, Alfred, 1934-1998 ‎ • Šnitke, Alʹfred G. 1934-1998 ‎ • Šnitke, Al'fredGarrijevič, 1934-1998 ‎ • Shnitke, Alfred 1934-1998 ‎ • Sjnitke, Alfred, 1934-1998

19. 1990s: Need for something new • Internet and World Wide Web • Resources on the web • The catalogue on the web • Catalogue records being shared to a much greater extent than before • New media

20. AACR community going further • 1997, Toronto: International Conference on the Principles and Future Development of AACR • 1998-2003: Attempt at creating an AACR 3 • 2004-2012: Development of the completely new cataloguing code, RDA (Resource Description & Access)

21. Simultaneously, within IFLA… • Up until 1990 primarily IFLA maintained two main bibliographic standards: • Paris Principles • ISBD

22. New bibliographicenvironment, new functionalrequirements • FunctionalRequirements for BibliographicRecords (FRBR) • IFLA conceptualmodelthat relates user tasks of retrieval and access in online library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user’s perspective. • Basis for most builders of online library systems today. • Also an important foundation for catalogue rule makers. • First published in 1998

23. New principles International Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguing Code 2003-2007 Leading up to… IFLA cataloguing principles : the Statement of International Cataloguing Principles (ICP) http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/statement-of-international-cataloguing-principles

24. New principles - ICP • Keep what was stated in the Paris Principles, but go further. The catalogue should enable the user: • to find bibliographic resources in a collection as the result of a search using attributes or relationships of the resources • to find a single resource • to find sets of resources • to identify a bibliographic resource or agent • to select a bibliographic resource that is appropriate to the user’s needs • to acquire or obtain access to an item described • to navigate within a catalogue and beyond

25. New principles - ICP • The principles also stress the need for having access points and that these access points should preferably be authorized and registered in an authority record. • FRBR terminology is used throughout.

26. New FR… developments • Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Data (FRAD) • Takes the FRBR way of thinking further – into the field of authority data • Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) • The most complex model. Tries to define the subject authority universe according to the FRBR way of thinking

27. RDA going international? • 2013: RDA implementation in the ”old AACR community”, i.e. the U.S., Canada, the UK and Australia • The new set of rules will be available in the official languages of those countries • Simultaneously the German National Library will start using the German translation of RDA

28. RDA going international? • RDA in the French-speaking community? Québec: of course.France: Most likely, but with adaptations • Italy: No. Recently developed own rules: REICAT • Spain: Probably • Several Eastern European countries are very likely to join, but most taking RDA as it is, in English. • Nordic countries: Probably, after a ”wait-and-see period”.However Denmark has chosen a more radical approach…

29. Danish ”revolutionary” changes! Abolishdescriptivecataloguing!! (Well, to someextent at least...) • Old record (DanMARC format): • 100 00 *a Lindgren *h Astrid • 245 00 *a Pippi Langstrømpe i Humlegården *c billedbog *e [tekst]ved Astrid Lindgren *e og [illustrationer ved] Ingrid Nyman *fpå dansk ved Erik Stig Andersen • 700 00 *a Nyman *h Ingrid Vang • New record (DanMARC format): • 100 00 *a Lindgren *h Astrid *4 aut • 245 00 *a Pippi Langstrømpe i Humlegården *c billedbog • 700 00 *a Nyman *h Ingrid Vang *4 ill • 720 00 *o Erik Stig Andersen *4 trl

30. Danish ”revolutionary” changes! The new DanMARC bib record: • 100 00 *a Lindgren *h Astrid *4 aut • 245 00 *a Pippi Langstrømpe i Humlegården *c billedbog • 700 00 *a Nyman *h Ingrid Vang *4 ill • 720 00 *o Erik Stig Andersen *4 trl is translated by the library system into: Pippi Langstrømpe i Humlegården :billedbog / [author:]Astrid Lindgren ; [illustrations:] Ingrid Nyman ; [translated by:]Erik Stig Andersen or equivalent in otherlanguages for what’sbehindbrackets

31. RDA in Europe Translations of RDA23 officiallanguages in the European Union… • Should RDA be translatedinto all of them? • Costs? • Maintenance?RDA is an ALA product today. But is ALA prepared to pay for and maintain the product on an international level?

32. RDA in Europe Alternatives totranslations • Having RDA in anotherfullytranslatedlanguage, e.g. English, French, Spanish • Translatingmostessential parts, such as terminology, butkeeping the main texts in EnglishWill ALA be abletomanagethis?

33. RDA in Europe But all is not abouttranslations… • Best solution for international cooperation: Follow the same rules and practises all over the planet. • Butweare not thereyet. Most countrieshavemany solutions oftheirown, thatdiffer from ”standard RDA”. Will ALA be abletomanagecountriesthattake RDA onlyto 75 % - or 50 % and havelocal adaptations for the rest?

34. RDA in Europe Maintenance and costs Even though international RDA is still an ALA product. • Will ALA allow others to produce their own, national, RDA’s? • If not, will the costs be manageable even for smaller countries? • For smaller countries translation costs might be high, but revenue for ALA low.

35. RDA in Europe • One important issue – forms of names and uniform titles • Different standards in different countries for names • Different uniform title rules (as mentioned earlier) • A solution to many of those problems might be solved outside of RDA, through projects like the Virtual International Authority File, VIAF

36. RDA in Europe VIAF • Started as a project between the Library of Congress and the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek • Later France joined • Now about 20 members • Authority and bibliographic records are automatically analyzed and different headings clustered into one • Even with different chosen headings you still get to the author you’re looking for • or even to the desired work/expression through linked uniform titles

37. RDA in Europe What is happening in Europe right now? • European RDA Interest Group (EURIG)Established at ALA in Chicago in 2009 • Formal cooperation agreement signed in 2011 • About 30 members from European national libraries and library organizations • Main European ”counterpart” in discussions with JSC and ALA

38. RDA in Europe Butalso… JSC is openingupto new members from outside the traditional AACR world • New German representative Christine Frodl

39. Whatwillhappennext? • Many European countries will move to RDA or an RDA-like structure • Not all will be 100 % happy with the solution, but now that so many are taking it, it is better to be within the group than to stand outside…

40. Whatwillhappennext? • RDA implementation during 2013 in the Anglo-American library community, plus Germany • Probably a slow transgression, with both RDA and old rules existing parallelly • 2014 -> Several other European countries following • Systems are already being prepared to receive RDA records

41. Whatwillhappennext? • Within IFLA: • Work on consolidating the different FR conceptual models • Maintenance and development of the ISBD • Not only rules of description • Also a clear and well accepted terminology • Alignment of the standard with the FR.. models within the RDF standard • Harmonization with RDA • Work on harmonization of the world’s cataloguing rules.

42. Whatwillhappennext? Within IFLA: Maintaining the International Cataloguing Principles • For some time there were even thoughts about developing an IFLA cataloguing code. Does not seem very likely now that RDA has gone so far.

43. Bridging our differences Thank you! Questions? Anders Catoanders.cato@btj.se