C-1 Food Choices and Human Health

1. 0 C-1Food Choices and Human Health

2. Introduction 0 • Food Gives: • Nutrients • Calories (kcalories) • Unit of heat • Nutrition? • Study of how nutrients nourish the body

3. Diet 0 • Diet? • Not something you go on and off • Foods and beverages a person consumes • Impacts health • Positively or negatively depending on the diet

4. Does Diet Matter? 0

5. Does Diet Matter? 56% of deaths are nutrition related (1,2,4,7)4:10 causes of death are diet related 0

6. Nutrition and Health 0 • Malnutrition -Nutrient deficiencies (Undernutrition) -Nutrient excesses (Overnutrition) -Both

7. Lifestyle and Health 0 • Only thing worse than a bad diet is: • Excessive alcohol • Tobacco use • Kills 443,000 Americans per year (per CDC) (1:5 deaths in U.S.) • 7,000 chemicals per puff – rapidly spreads to cause cell damage in all organs. Some are known carcinogens. • Makes blood more sticky allowing clots to form • Narrows blood vessels • Male smokers lose 13.2 years of life • Women lose 14.5 years of life • Cost: $ 75 billion in direct medical costs $ 82 billion in lost productivity Total: $157 billion • We have control!!

8. Lifestyle and Health 0 • Chronic disease? • Take years to develop & causes the body to break down • Heart disease • Diabetes • Osteoporosis

9. Risk Factors 0 • Risk factors • Increases risk of developing disease •  # of risk factors =  risk of disease •  # of risk factors =  risk of disease

10. Risk Factors 0 • Non-controllable risk factors include: • Genetics • Age • Gender • Ethnicity • Environment

11. Risk Factors 0 • Controllable risk factors include: • Diet • Alcohol consumption • Drug use • Tobacco use • Stress • Lack of exercise • Lack of sleep • Overweight • Underweight

12. Risk Factors 0 • Snowball of risk factors • Excess calories  • Overweight • High blood pressure • High cholesterol  heart disease

13. Nutrition vs. Genetics in Disease 0

14. 0 6 Categories of Nutrients 6 categories of nutrients Energy yielding nutrient?

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17. Nutrient Density • Nutrient density • Amount of nutrients per calorie of food •  nutrients and  calories • Choose foods based on this

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20. Nutrient Density • Fruit Juice • Liquid separated from pulp (fiber) • Concentrated in calories • Nutrient dense? • No! i.e. How many oranges does it take to make OJ? Get the calories from all oranges.

21. Nutrient Density • 100% Juice versus: • Juice beverages • Juice drinks • Juice Cocktails • All are glorified Kool-Aid; mostly sugar

22. Nutrients in Food 0 • Essential nutrients • Nutrients body needs, but can’t make -Must eat

23. Terms 0

25. Nonnutrients 0 • Phytochemicals • Non-nutrient • Plant foods • May reduce disease • Give color, taste, etc. to foods • Blueberries, tomatoes

27. What is a Healthy Diet? 0

28. What is a Healthy Diet? 0 • Adequacy • Eat enough of all essential nutrients

29. What is a Healthy Diet? 0 • Balance • Eat enough, but not too much of any food or nutrient

30. What is a Healthy Diet? 0 • Calorie control • Don’t eat excess calories

31. What is a Healthy Diet? 0 • Moderation • Eat nothing in excess

32. What is a Healthy Diet? 0 • Variety • Eat different foods from all food groups

33. Why Do We Eat? 0

34. Why Do We Eat? 0 • Factors that drive food choices • Advertising • Availability • Economy • Emotional comfort • Habit • Personal preference • Positive associations • Region of the country • Social pressure • Values or beliefs • Weight • Nutritional value

35. The Stages of Behavior Change

36. Science of Nutrition 0 • Young science (~1900) • Information learned by experiments • Knowledge base changes

38. OBSERVATION & QUESTION Identify a problem to be solved or ask a specific question to be answered. HYPOTHESIS & PREDICTION Formulate a hypothesis—a tentative solution to the problem or answer to the question—and make a prediction that can be tested. EXPERIMENT Design a study and conduct the research to collect relevant data. RESULTS & INTERPRETATIONS Summarize, analyze, and interpret the data; draw conclusions. HYPOTHESIS SUPPORTED HYPOTHESIS NOT SUPPORTED THEORY NEW OBSERVATIONS & QUESTIONS Develop a theory that integrates conclusions with those from numerous other studies. 0 Fig. 1-3, p. 13

39. Research Designs Epidemiological Study Whole populations Tells correlations between diet & health Identifies possible disease causes 0

40. Research Designs Case Study Study of individuals Observe treatment and effects Leads to more research ideas 0

41. Research Designs Laboratory Study Controlled conditions Tests disease causes and treatments 0

42. Research Designs Intervention Study Intervene in people’s diets Experimental group Control group Blind study Double blind study Shows impact of treatment 0

43. Science of Nutrition 0 • One study result doesn’t = a fact • Preliminary finding • May be discredited later • Do not change diet! • Repeat findings are most reliable • Findings proven enough times are accepted as fact • Being published does NOT = fact

44. Evaluating Nutrition Info 0

45. Evaluating Nutrition Info 0

48. Evaluating Nutrition Info Consider the following: Published in a peer-reviewed journal 0

49. Evaluating Nutrition Info 0 • Similarity between controls • Sample size • Placebo effectively administered • Blind or double blind • Findings put into proper context • Consider funding source

50. Evaluating Nutrition Info Confounding factors Diet, exercise, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, drug use, lifestyle… Consider applicability to you Does it make sense! 0