Development of an Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array for Climate

1. Development of an Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array for Climate Paul Freitag and Mike McPhaden NOAA/PMEL NOAA Climate Observation Program 3rd Annual System Review Silver Spring, MD April 25-27, 2005

2. Indian Ocean Science Drivers Improved description, understanding and ability to predict: • Seasonal monsoon variability • Monsoon <=> ENSO interactions • Indian Ocean Dipole (El Niño-like phenomenon in the Indian Ocean) • Intraseasonal oscillations and far field impacts (west coast US rainfall, hurricane formation, ENSO) • Warming trends since the 1970s. Indian Ocean Dipole

3. Efforts to develop an Indian Ocean component to the Global Ocean Observing system for climate studies are accelerating • Compelling unanswered scientific questions; • Potential societal benefits from improved prediction; • One of the most poorly sampled regions of the world ocean; • Growing investments from India (2 new ships & major buoy program planned) and Japan (new 10 year Asian Monsoon Observing Initiative); • Summit on Earth Observations (July 2003) & Global Earth Observing System (GEO) establishes an agenda for international cooperation.

4. Chronology of Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array Planning Efforts • Fifth Session of the TAO Implementation Panel (TIP-5), (Joint with First Session of the CLIVAR Asian-Australian Monsoon Panel), Goa, India, 18-21 November 1996. • SustainedObservations for Climate of the Indian Ocean (SOCIO) and TIP-9, Perth, Australia, 13-17 November 2000. • First Conference of the Indian Ocean Global Ocean Observing System (IOGOOS), Grand Baie, Mauritius, 4-9 November 2002. • First Session of the CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel (IOP-1), Pune, India, 18-20 February 2004. • Second Session of the CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel (IOP-2), Hobart, Australia, 30 Mar-2 Apr 2005.

5. CLIVAR/IOC Indian Ocean Panel Terms of Reference Develop, coordinate and implement a plan for a sustained ocean observing system for the Indian Ocean to…provide ocean observations needed for climate variability research…and operational ocean applications…particularly with regard to ocean-state estimation and climate prediction.

6. Draft Strategy for Integrated Indian Ocean Observing System First Session of CLIVAR/IOC Indian Ocean Panel 23-27 February 2004 Pune, India ftp://ftp.marine.csiro.au/pub/meyers/Implementation%20Plan/

7. Draft Strategy for Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array First Session of CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel 23-27 February 2004 Pune, India

8. Dynamical Model Design Studies Courtesy of Gabe Vecchi, GFDL Log(Signal to Noise) 1986-2002 100m Temperature Anomaly “O.I.” of sub-sampled data

9. Rationale for Flux Sites Courtesy of Lisan Yu, WHOI

10. Moored Measurement Suite Standard • Met: Wind, RH, AT, SWR, Rain • Ocean: SST, SSS, T(z:10 depths), S(z: 5 depths), P (z: 2 depths); v (10 m) Flux Sites: Standard plus-- • Met: LWR, BP • Ocean: Additional T(z), S(z), v (z) in upper 100 m

11. ORV Sagar Kanya Cruise9 October-17 November 2004 • 41 Day Cruise • 4 ATLAS & 1 ADCP PMEL in collaboration with the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) and the National Center for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa, India.

12. First Data fromIndian Ocean ATLAS MooringsDeployed22 October 2004

13. Feb-Mar 2005NE monsoon winds (easterlies) develop Shear reversal 20-100m (SEC/EUC)Thermocline tilts down towards west

14. SSTs warm rather than cool as easterly (i.e. upwelling favorable) winds develop in Feb-Mar 05. Why?

15. All surface heat flux components can be estimated at the 80.5°E flux reference site

16. SW radiation modulated by clouds; cloudy periods often associated with rain eventsEvaporative heat flux mainly controlled by wind speed variations

17. Surface Mixed Layer Heat Balance

18. Mixed Layer Heat Storage vs. Surface Heat Flux Std Dev Qadj=68 W m-2, Std Dev Storage=142 W m-2, Correlation=0.40

19. Zonal Temperature Advection? ~20 cm s-1 February 2005 SST

20. Salinity Time Series World Ocean Atlas, Jan-Mar SSS

21. Existing and Planned Moorings, 2005

22. Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Data Assembly Center (DAC) • Modeled after TAO/ TRITON and PIRATA data processing and dissemination systems. • PMEL and JAMSTEC initial contributors. • Hosted at PMEL; Mirror sites outside the US (e.g. INCOIS in India). http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/disdel/disdel-v57.html

23. Challenges: Fishing Vandalism Tuna Catch 1989-1993 Yellowfin Long Line Purse Seine &Pole/Line Skipjack Bigeye • 1.5°N, 80.5°E ATLAS stopped transmitting on 23 Jan 05 after drifting 35 nm to SW. • 0°, 80.5E lost winds and SW radiation on 21 Mar 05.

24. Challenges: Ship Time Requirements: • 180 days per year (est.) • Assumes 1-year mooring design lifetime and semi-annual servicing cruises Availability: • 2005--Mirai (JAMSTEC), Sagar Kanya (DOD) • 2006--Mirai, Sagar Kanya, Ocean#1 (SOA)?; Atalante or Suroit (IRD)?

25. Challenges: Funding President Bush’s FY06 Budget for NOAAClimate Observations and Services • “$3.2 million to expand the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean array and the Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic into the Indian Ocean. This expansion will enhance NOAA's capability to accurately document the state of ocean climactic conditions and improve seasonal forecasting capability.” • (http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2386.htm) • Other activities covered by this funding: • Support the technological development of the next generation of moored buoys. • Add salinity sensors to the TAO array to improve seasonal-interannual forecasting. • Upgrades for 4 TAO and 3 PIRATA moorings to ocean reference station quality for satellite and model research • Providing 4 additional buoys for the PIRATA array in the hurricane-genesis region of the Atlantic Ocean for improved understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions on hurricane development.

26. Challenges: Summary • Ship Time • Fishing Vandalism • Funding • International Coordination • System Integration • Data Management