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FUEL SYSTEM

FUEL SYSTEM. Gasoline and fuel terminology. Fuel supply system. Fuel injection system. Fuel injection electronics. Making Gasoline. Crude oil production Fractionating Catalyst cracking Reforming Crude production, refining and marketing. Fractionating Process. Cracker Tower.

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FUEL SYSTEM

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  1. FUEL SYSTEM Gasoline and fuel terminology. Fuel supply system. Fuel injection system. Fuel injection electronics.

  2. Making Gasoline • Crude oil production • Fractionating • Catalyst cracking • Reforming • Crude production, refining and marketing.

  3. Fractionating Process

  4. Cracker Tower

  5. Petroleum Products

  6. Characteristics: Vaporization - Turning from a mist to vapor Atomization - Tiny droplets of fuel Volatility - Ease at which a fluid turns to gas Vapor lock - Fuel boils to vapor blocking flow Dilution - Thinning of oil caused by gas Anti-knock value - Resistance to burning Air/fuel ratio - 14.7 : 1 Gasoline and Related Terminology

  7. Proper Combustion • Fuel burns evenly from one side of the combustion chamber to the other. • Gasoline molecules wait for the flame front and burn in a sequence. • This creates an even push on top of the piston. • If not, two problems can occur.

  8. Detonation This condition is also known as KNOCK, PING or SPARK KNOCK. It can cause serious damage to the engine. It is caused by too high of a compression ratio, improper timing, malfunctioning EGR, over heated engine or a poor grade of fuel.

  9. Preignition

  10. This rating is the anti-knock value of the gasoline. R+M/2 rating most commonly used today. Lowest octane rating is 87. Mid-grade is 89 and the highest grade is 93. Methods of improving octane rating. Add TEL or tetra ethyl lead. Nasty stuff now banned. Add alcohol such as ethanol, methanol or MTBE. Refine the gasoline more and remove bad acting molecules of the gas. Octane Rating

  11. Ethanol • (about 70%) of the corn kernel that is converted into ethanol. • Ethanol increases oxygenate supplies, reducing the need for MTBE imports and helping to reduce consumer costs. • U. S. consumers use more than 18 billion gallons of high performance, cleaner burning ethanol-blended gasoline each year

  12. Methanol • Also known as wood alcohol • Blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline • Not commonly used as such because automakers no longer are supplying methanol-powered vehicles

  13. MTBE • MTBE • methyl tertiary-butyl ether • chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene Methanol can also be used to make MTBE • Oxygenate blended with gasoline to enhance octane and create cleaner burning fuel • MTBE production and use has declined it has been found to contaminate ground water • 11%

  14. Octane Vs Cetane • Higher Octane • More resistant to burning • Higher Cetane • Less resistance to burning

  15. Air/Fuel Ratio Gasoline Air/Fuel Ratios Proper air/fuel ratio for lowest emissions is: 14.7 - 1 Engine will run with air/fuel ratios from 8 – 1 to 20 –1. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Rich Lean

  16. Stoiciometric Ratio 14.7:1 • 14.7: parts Air • 1 part gas • < 8:1 Rich • Too much fuel • High HC output • Runs cold • >20:1 Lean • Too much air • High Nox • Run hot

  17. Chemistry of Burning Gasoline FuelAir Good by-products HC + O2 + N  H2O + CO2 + N Bad by-products Hydrocarbon HC Un-burnt gas Carbon Monoxide CO Partially burnt gas Oxides of Nitrogen NOX Air burning

  18. Air/Fuel Ratio and Pollution Rich 10-1 14-1 14.7-1 15.5-1 20-1 Lean Chart of Pollutants

  19. Gasohol • 90% Gasoline • < 10% Alcohol

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