Understanding and Improving Spaceflight Teamwork in Long-Duration Missions Kim Jentsch , Ph.D.

1. Understanding and Improving Spaceflight Teamwork in Long-Duration Missions Kim Jentsch, Ph.D. Eduardo Salas, Ph.D. Steve Fiore, Ph.D. University of Central Florida

2. Project Title Technical Goals and Objectives Technical Approach • Interviews with 12 NASA astronauts with LDSF experience • Observation of current team training • Analysis of archival data from analogue populations • Laboratory studies • Field experiment for new debriefing approach • Training for flight directors • Identify team training needs for LDSF crews • Develop and test team training strategies • Develop recommendations measuring teamwork and cohesion Strategic Alignment with NASA KSC Value and Benefit • Recommendations for team training content, methods, and sequencing prior to and during a mission • Identification of organizational support factors influencing training effectiveness • Validation of new team debriefing approach • Metrics for assessing teamwork and cohesion

3. Analysis of Archival Data

4. Crew Resource Management Instructional Strategies Team Environments Aircrew Air Traffic Control Military Command and Control Nuclear power Shipping and maritime Medical Space flight • Awareness • Case studies / review of accidents and incidents • Demonstration • Practice • Role-plays • PC-based simulation • High fidelity simulation • Feedback • Post-performance debriefs (after action reviews)

5. Crew Resource Management Instructional Strategies Team Environments Aircrew Air Traffic Control Military Command and Control Nuclear power Shipping and maritime Medical Space flight • Awareness • Case studies / review of accidents and incidents • Demonstration • Practice • Role-plays • PC-based simulation • High fidelity simulation • Feedback • Post-performance debriefs (after action reviews)

6. Team Debriefs • Frustrating, inefficient, ineffective Motivating, focused, impactful

7. “Give a [team] a fish and they’ll eat for a day... … teach a [team] to fish and they’ll eat for a lifetime.”

8. 1997-1998 Training Evaluation 2000-2002

9. Team Dimensional Training Team Effectiveness TDT teams showed 268% better performance than control group

10. Task Knowledge Team Dimensional Training Teamwork Knowledge Teammate Knowledge

11. Task Knowledge Team Dimensional Training Teamwork Knowledge Adaptive Performance Teammate Knowledge

12. TDT Process • Goals are process rather than outcome-oriented • Facilitator creates and maintains a psychologically safe learning climate • Discussion is structured around effective model of teamwork • Feedback is balanced in terms of positives and negatives • Team members self-correct

13. TDT Process • Goals are process rather than outcome-oriented • Facilitator creates and maintains a psychologically safe learning climate • Discussion is structured around effective model of teamwork • Feedback is balanced in terms of positives and negatives • Team members self-correct

14. TDT Process • Goals are process rather than outcome-oriented • Facilitator creates and maintains a psychologically safe learning climate • Discussion is structured around effective model of teamwork • Feedback is balanced in terms of positives and negatives • Team members self-correct

15. TDT Process • Goals are process rather than outcome-oriented • Facilitator creates and maintains a psychologically safe learning climate • Discussion is structured around effective model of teamwork • Feedback is balanced in terms of positives and negatives • Team members self-correct

16. TDT Process • Goals are process rather than outcome-oriented • Facilitator creates and maintains a psychologically safe learning climate • Discussion is structured around effective model of teamwork • Feedback is balanced in terms of positives and negatives • Team members self-correct

17. Field Experiment Can TDT improve individuals’ ability to perform in ad hoc teams? Can TDT reduce training time for certification?

18. Research Plan • Trainees in control condition (10 individual flight controllers) – no change to existing practices for debriefing • Trainees in treatment condition (10 individual flight controllers) - debriefed after integrated simulations using TDT • What is being collected? • 45 min survey of trainee personality and knowledge collected PRIOR to first integrated simulation • 5 min survey after 1st,- 4th integrated simulation (medium or high) • Card sorting task after 4th integrated simulation • Audio of debriefs for integrated simulations • Archival data on certification time

19. Preliminary Results • Significant improvement in perceptions of learning climate • Data on learning is trending in support of our expectations

20. Thank You! Questions?