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KIN 330

KIN 330. Structural and Functional Analysis of Human Movement. Structure of Class. divided into three parts tissue movement patterns and analyses application of physics to movement. What is Kinesiology?. Components of Kinesiology. What is Biomechanics?.

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KIN 330

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  1. KIN 330 Structural and Functional Analysis of Human Movement

  2. Structure of Class • divided into three parts • tissue • movement patterns and analyses • application of physics to movement

  3. What is Kinesiology? • Components of Kinesiology

  4. What is Biomechanics? • ...the application of physics and engineering principles to the study of motion.

  5. Components of Biomechanics • Kinematics - the description of motion • Kinetics - the study of forces on motion

  6. Who can use biomechanics?

  7. Biomechanics of Bone • Purposes of skeletal system • protection • provides rigid links and attachments for muscles • facilitates muscle action and body movement

  8. Bone • metabolically active • highly vascular • responds to mechanical demands • among the body’s hardest structures

  9. Distinguishing Features • Organic component • Inorganic component • Interface of two components

  10. Mechanical Properties • Functionally speaking: • strength • stiffness

  11. Load/Deformation Curve • Regions • A - B: Elastic Region: • B: Yield Point • B - C: Plastic Region: • C: Ultimate Failure Point

  12. Parameters displayed on curve • load • deformation • energy

  13. Usefulness of L-D Curve • determines the mechanical properties of the entire structure of the bone. • Strength • Stiffness

  14. Classification of Bone • Depends on the extent of deformation before failure • reflected in the fracture surfaces • Brittle - • Ductile -

  15. Bone’s behavior • more brittle or more ductile behavior depending on: • age of bone • rate at which bone is loaded

  16. Characteristic Unique to Bone • Anisotropy • bone exhibits different mechanical properties when loaded along different axes

  17. Types of Loading • Forces are applied to bone using Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion. • These loads are equal in magnitude and oppositely directed.

  18. Types of Loading • Tension • loads applied outward along longitudinal axis of bone. • Compression • loads applied inward along longitudinal axis of bone. • Shear • loads applied parallel to cross-sectional surface of structure.

  19. Bone loads cont. • Bending • loads applied that cause bone to bend. • Torsion • loads applied that cause bone to twist about longitudinal axis. • Combination • two or more loads are applied to bone.

  20. Behavior of bone varies • Rate of bone loading is important • When loaded at higher rates: • bone is stiffer, sustaining higher load to failure, and • bone stores more energy before failure.

  21. Clinical Importance of Loading Rate • Influences the fracture pattern and amount of soft tissue damage at the fracture site. • Three general categories of bone fracture. • Low energy fracture • High energy fracture • Very high energy fracture

  22. Fractures caused by: • a single load that exceeds the ultimate strength of the bone, or • repeated applications of a load of lower magnitude.

  23. Fatigue Fractures • Produced by: • few repetitions of a high load, or • by many repetitions of a relatively normal load.

  24. Factors affecting thefatiguing process • Amount of Load • Number of repetitions • Frequency of Loading

  25. When do fatigue fractures occur? • When remodeling process is outpaced by the fatigue process. • Examples? • Affect of muscle fatigue? • Implications?

  26. Bone Remodeling • bone remodels by altering its size, shape and structure to meet the mechanical demands placed on it. • Wolff’s Law:

  27. Degenerative changes • reduction in amount of cancellous bone, • thinning of cortical bone, • decrease in total amount of bone tissue, and • slight decrease in the size of bone. • Direct implications?

  28. Bone Summary • Identify eight major points presented.

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