The Persian Gulf War I (1991) War On Terrorism including: 9-11 Afghanistan

1. The Persian Gulf War I (1991) War On Terrorism including: 9-11 Afghanistan Operation Iraqi Freedom The Axis of Evil Communism/Terrorism parallels?? (A Power Point compiled by Mr. Sachtleben and Mr. Chittock, Olentangy Liberty High School and Olentangy Liberty Middle School respectively) Note—Student research assignments are in red font starting with slide 49 !!!

2. American Fighting Forces

3. Questions to Keep In Mind • Is 9/11/01 the first time we dealt with Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda? • Is Operation Infinite Justice (2002-present) the first time we dealt with the Taliban and Afghanistan? • Is Operation “Iraqi Freedom” (2002-present) the first time we dealt with Saddam Hussein and Iraq?? • Remember--Every Action has a Reaction and Every Event has impacts

4. Rise of a DictatorSaddam Hussein • Takes control of the Iraqi government from his Uncle in July, 1979 • Used military action at will: • Executed hundreds of Iraqi politicians and military officers • He would torture/execute thousands of citizens who disagreed with him. • Used weapons of mass destruction (poison gas) and killed over 5000 Kurds (Iraqi citizens) in northern Iraq (1979) • Invaded Iran and a bloody trench-war ensued (1980-1989) He used weapons of mass destruction (poison gas again) against Iran

5. --Hussein was the leader of the “non-religious” political party known as the Baathists. The north is mostly Kurds, the center is mostly Sunni Muslim (whom the Baathists favor and visa versa), the south mostly Shia Muslims. All three often disagree/battle with one another! --Hussein received economic and military aid from President Carter, Reagan and Vice President George Herbert Walker Bush. Why?? --Hussein said he would act as a ***“balance of power” and “buffer zone”*** to the growing power of Iran’s extremist Shia Muslim govt. led by the Ayatollah Khomeini throughout the 1980’s. --He also said he would serve as a buffer zone against communist Soviet Union to the north of the middle east.

6. Let’s Talk Iran…the number two country of “the Axis of Evil” (as identified by President George W. Bush II in his State of the Union Speech 1/02) • Khomeini left Paris France where he was ***“in exile”*** and became leader of Iran when the leader of Iran whom the U.S. supported (known as the Shah) was ***“deposed!”*** • His supporters took 150 American embassy workers hostages in 1979 from the U.S. embassy in Teheran, Iran. • Who the leader was of the Iranian students who kidnapped these U.S. govt. workers in 1979??? Surprise, surprise!! • Khomeini established the first extremist Islamic/Cleric government in recent history. • Are hostages taken in the middle east today?? • Jimmy Carter’s inability to get the hostages released for 444 days and a couple of failed military rescues led in large part to Carter’s loss of the 1980 presidential elections to Reagan and his vice president George Herbert Walker Bush.

7. President Carter President Reagan Ayotollah Khomeini

8. Iran under Khomeini cont. --Khomeini and his extremist Shia Muslim govt. believed the ***“imperialist”*** U.S. and ***“Zionist”*** Israel are conspirators to take over the world. He calls the U.S. the “Great Satan.” --Our govt. likewise does not like him in any fashion !! --We feared ***“the domino effect”*** regarding a militant extremist Islamic take-over of many Middle Eastern governments. What does this mean? --Iraq attacks Iran and over 2 million killed in war from 1980-1989. --Both countries are greatly weakened; Hussein uses chemical weapons against Iran. The U.S. condemned this along with the U.N., and Hussein loses U.S. support as a result. --Iran often used thousands of young madrass trained Iranian boys to run at the Iraqi enemy, allowing themselves to be killed until the Iraqi soldiers ran out of bullets and could then be killed in hand to hand combat by thousands of surviving Iranian boys ++some see this “brainwashing” to martyr your life in battle through these religious madrass schools as a technique used to this very day to raise and train homicide/suicide bombers

9. Let’s Talk Afghanistan… 4. Meanwhile, ***“The war on communism”*** is taking place with the Soviet Union trying to take over Afghanistan from 1979-1984 and gain an “oil foothold” into the Middle East A. We fear the U.S.S.R. would aggressively or diplomatically take over the middle east and choke the supply of oil to the U.S. What would happen to the U.S. economy if this happened?? B. We supported the Taliban and northern alliance forces in Afghanistan because they were fighting against our “arch enemy,” the communist Soviet Union. Any enemy of communism was a friend of ours!! C. After the U.S.S.R. is defeated, the Taliban win against the n. alliance and Kurds and take over Afghanistan. The Taliban support Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda providing training and refuge for Bin Laden and Al Qaeda.

10. Soviet tanks move across the country of Afghanistan Osama Bin Laden

11. Back to Iraq…Saddam Hussein Moves to Recover From His Losses after war with Iran • Iran-Iraq war ends in 1989 • Leaves Iraq in a tremendous amount of debt: $80 billion • War is often beneficial to the economy of a winning nation. Why is this war not good for the Iraqi economy? • Answer: not a diversified economy, totally dependent on oil to make money • Saddam threatens to use force to bring Iraq out of debt • Blames OPEC for falling oil prices in 1990 -- $13.60 for a barrel of oil

12. --Kuwait is south of Iraq--Has a population of 2 million compared to Iraq’s 18 million (1990)--Kuwait possesses huge oil reserves and valuable gulf coastline of 120 miles in length

13. Invasion of Kuwait • “I need $30 billion” …“and if they don’t give it to me, I’m going to take it from them.” • -- Saddam Hussein • He blames the Kuwait government for pumping too much oil for the rest of the world. What will this do to oil prices and profits for Iraq? Ans—________ • He accuses Kuwait for slant drilling and stealing Iraqi oil. • At dawn of August 2, 1990, Iraq invades Kuwait. Soon 100,000 Iraqi troops were inKuwait. Iraqi tank as it rolls down streets of Kuwait City

14. The United States Response: Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm • “If the Iraqis are dumb enough to attack, they are going to pay a terrible price.” • Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf • Iraqi response: “The number of Americans killed will exceed tens of thousands if a ground battle occurs with Iraqi forces…” (Baghdad radio) Gen. Colin L. Powell Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney

15. Operation Desert Shield • The United States, led by George Herbert Walker Bush I , builds a coalition of over 500,000 troops in response to the invasion of Kuwait – He had the United Nations and Congressional support including most Middle Eastern Muslim nations.

16. President Bush’s Plan of Action • Immediate, unconditional, and complete withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait. • Restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government. • Commitment to the security and stability of the Persian Gulf. • Protection of the lives of American citizens abroad.

17. Operation Desert Storm • Military action begins on Jan. 16, 1991 in the dead of the night • All action was in the form of air raids on Iraqi targets (by Jan 20, coalition pilots had flown over 4000 missions). A total of 141, 921 tons of bombs had been used when the war ended. • Iraq’s response was to use Scud missiles – the U.S. responded by using Patriot missiles in order to shoot them down. • The world feared Hussein would send poison gas (WMD) on these scud missles • Most of these scud missile attacks were targeted on Israel. Why?? • Iraq also flooded the Persian Gulf with crude oil

18. Ground Fight—Coalition forces expect poison gas (WMD’s) • Began Jan. 29, 1991 • By Feb. 27, Kuwait had been successfully liberated • 65,000 Iraqi troops had become prisoners • Largest death toll among the Americans was during a Scud missile attack (28 died) • 100,000 Iraqi soldiers died • 148 Americans died in action, 121 in “non-combat” deaths, and 458 wounded

19. The Aftermath of Gulf War I • U.S. parachuted food and clothing into refugee camps • 500 oil wells/rigs were set on fire – fires were battled by entrepreneur Red Adair and his oil well fire company • Total cost to rebuild Kuwait was $50 billion • Unfortunately, many U.S. troops returned home suffering from mysterious “Gulf War Syndrome.” Perhaps a result of chemical weapons used during the conflict??

20. The Aftermath of Gulf War I continued... • We could have gone into Iraq and removed Hussein but Bush I, advised by Dick Cheney and Colin Powell decided not to for a number of reasons including: • --The U.N. resolution did not call for Hussein’s overthrow, only his removal from Kuwait • --Would have prolonged the war from America’s perspective cause great chaos/civil war/instability in Iraq, costing many more lives, both American, Iraq military, and Iraq civilians. • --Bush Sr. (and Bush Jr. in the 2000 campaign) did not believe in ***“nation building”*** ( overthrow a govt. and establish a pro-American govt. in its place). • --Iraq would not be able to serve as a ***“buffer zone”*** against the extremist Shia government of Iran

21. The Aftermath of Gulf War I continued… • The United States was unable to recover from its economic recession, and democratic challenger William Jefferson Clinton wins the 1992 election with the campaign slogan/strategy; “It’s the economy stupid.” • The United Nations: • Orders Iraq to destroy its biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction. • Sets up regular inspections to make sure all weapons of mass destruction are destroyed and never rebuilt • Orders that an **economic embargo*** be placedon Iraq if it would ever refuse to comply U.S. troops were treated as heroes back home.

22. The Aftermath of Gulf War I continued… • Saddam Hussein was still in command of Iraq with an estimated 300,000-500,000 men in his military. • He would often fire on U.S. airplanes in the northern “no-fly zone” and defy many U.N. resolutions calling for his cooperation • In 1998 the U.N. inspector looking for WMDs was kicked out which lead to President Clinton bombing Iraqi military targets due to Saddam’s non-compliance with the U.N. agreement to not develop WMD’s and allow U.N. inspection for WMD’s.

23. Gulf War II: Operation Iraqi Freedom • 9/11/01 takes place • In 1/02, Bush identifies an “Axis of Evil.” • These are the major nations that support terrorism. This Axis is comprised of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea • Afghanistan’s Taliban govt. (an extremist Sunni Muslim govt. made up of the Pashtun ethnic tribe, the largest in the world with many relatives living next door in Pakistan) is overthrown in “Operation Enduring Freedom” by the U.S. for refusing to turn over Bin Laden in 2002 • Hussein continues to refuse U.N. inspectors to search for weapons of mass destruction • Hussein refuses to either confirm or deny that he has weapons of mass destruction • American and British intelligence shows Hussein has and is rapidly developing weapons of mass destruction

24. Gulf War II: Operation Iraqi Freedom cont. • Most U.S. Senators agree and vote to authorized the use of force on 11/11/02 • George W. Bush II orders Operation Iraqi Freedom (Gulf War II) to begin on 3/19/03 • Advisors this time around include Dick Cheney (V.P.) and Colin Powell (Sec. of State), both of whom advised Bush I during Gulf War I • 50 nations supported the U.S. attempt to locate/destroy the weapons of mass destruction and remove Hussein from power. • Reasons are to keep WMD’s from being developed, human rights violations of his own people, and support/collaboration with terrorist organizations. • 3/20/03 Operation “Shock and Awe” begins. Heavy aerial bombing. • On 5/1/03 Bush announces “Mission Accomplished” • Hussein is eventually captured in 2004

25. Accomplishments since the overthrow • Elections were held in 2005 and a legislative body was elected • 58% of eligible voters do vote!! • Women are voting and have increased rights • Most Sunni Muslims do not vote in the elections • This legislative body drafted a constitution and was approved by the citizens in another election. • Bush with Afghanistan president Karazi (left) and Iraq’s Prime Minister Malaki (a Shia Muslim) (right) (source Malaki photo=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14009793/)

26. Accomplishments since the overthrow • Lybia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, and of course Afghanistan and Iraq are cooperating in the war against terrorism • 140 million dollars in terrorists assets have been frozen • U.S. has paid/built ***infrastructure like schools, roads, hospitals, water, agriculture, etc. • health care went from 16 million dollars in Hussein’s 2002 budget to 950 million dollars!! • Daily average hours of electricity went from 4-8 prewar to 10.9 hrs as of 5/07 (Brookings institute source) • 15.2 billion dollars pledged to rebuild Iraq (not including U.S. accd. To Brookings Institute)

27. The “Rumsfeld Doctrine:” Running the War in Iraq • Sec. of Defense Donald Rumsfeld’s Doctrine states small number of fast moving, lightly armored U.S. troops with much strategic air strikes • Worked well in Afghanistan where borders did not need many troops to defend due to rough terrain • Disbanded the ½ million Iraqi army after much White House debate due to fear they would revolt against U.S. military and put Hussein or his Baath political party back in power • Used 140,000 U.S. troops in initial invasion rather than 400,000 desired by General Tommie Franks and Sec. of State Colin Powell.

28. Disagreement with Bush’s use of the “Rumsfeld Policy” (including John McCain) • Critics claim there has been no plan to “win the peace” after initial military victories and overthrow of Hussein • At least 500,000 U.S. troops should have been used • Like Bush Sr. fight against Iraq in 1991. • This is called by some the “Powell Doctrine” (the former General and Secretary of State who disagreed with the “Rumsfeld Doctrine” and lost the debate re: how many U. S. troops to send into Iraq back in 2003) • These troops could have “disarmed” Iraqi citizens • They could have kept supplies from coming in from Syria/Iran • They could have protected the Iraqi army’s weapons from being stolen immediately after the war, weapons that have since ended up with the many militias and insurgency groups fighting against U.S. and Iraqi govt. troops

29. Disagreement with Bush’s use of the “Rumsfeld Policy” • Many critics feel the ½ million Iraqi army under Hussein should have been kept in 2003 and not disbanded • They could have cooperated with U.S. troops just like some Afghan warlords and Afghan northern alliance troops did in 2002 in Afghanistan • Could have helped U.S. troops do all the above because they are native Iraqi citizens vs. “foreign invaders” as some/many see the U.S. troops!? • Most feel Bush should have been speaking/educating the American public much more often during this “war on terror” like his 10/05 speech that follows • Bush Jr. should have listened to Bush Sr. reasons for not attacking Iraq back in 1991 • Many U.S. soldiers and Iraqi citizens would be killed/injured with resulting chaos and instability and harsh living conditions • Iran would rise to take control of the middle east without Iraq serving its traditional “Balance of Power” role. • The strong viewpoint of then Sec. of Defense Dick Cheney!

30. Disagreement with Bush’s policy and running of the war as of 8/06! • Senator John Kerry would change his mind in 2004 (compared to his earlier vote as a Senator in 2002) and argue that Iraq was the “wrong war, wrong place, wrong time.” • Many Senators have come to believe that the Iraq Invasion distracted the U.S. from focusing on the real war on terrorism against Bin Laden • Hillary Clinton is one such senator • They believe the invasion has led to increased recruitment of terrorists throughout the world • They believe the U.S. has lost respect and credibility by saying there were WMD’S in Iraq and “none” have been found • They believe we lost site of bin Laden and Afghanistan, the real enemy of the U.S. and have been totally sidetracked by the war in Iraq • More and more U.S. citizens are agreeing in 2006 public opinion polls • Clinton’s picture--Jason DeCrow, Associated Press ( June 4, 2007) http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/nation/ny-hill-clint-pg,0,7423285.photogallery?index=2

31. Insurgency since the 1/05 elections • Insurgents and Terrorists—continue killing U.S. troops but mostly Iraqi citizens. • Started big time with the bombing of the Shi’a mosque at Samarra in 2/06 which has led to near (?) civil war between Sunni and Shi’a. • This has included brutal beheadings shown on the internet to strike terror into all who see • A main goal by insurrgents and terrorists alike is to keep Iraq from uniting democratically and to get Iraq to break into a civil war. • Many different groups are fighting to gain political control (Sunni, Shi’a, different tribal groups, different political groups, some terrorist groups, gangs of crinimals) • Perhaps Syria, Iran, and U.S. trying to exert outside pressure on the new Iraqi govt.

32. Bombing of Samarra Mosque 2/22/06

33. Statistics (estimates) of violence: source The Brookings Institute • How has the Brookings Institute statistics changed recently (8/08) compared to these statistics from 2005-2007???? Some students will be researching this to see the differences!!! (frames 33-36) • Violence has been on the increase in Iraq!! • Americans killed • 2089 American soldiers killed in Iraq as of 8/30/05 • 2586 American soldiers killed in Iraq as of 8/18/06 • 3659 American soldiers killed in Iraq as of 8/05/07 • 27,104 American soldiers wounded in Iraq as of 8/06/07 (source http://www.antiwar.com/casualties/ • In Afghanistan • 422 American soldiers killed (source http://www.antiwar.com/casualties/ • # wounded, I could not find!!??

34. Statistics (estimates) of violence: source The Brookings Institute • Iraq civilians killed • 59,000 Iraq civilians as of 12/06. (not including March-April 2003 combat operations) • Estimated 30,000 more from 11/06-7/07 • Car bombs • 1700 Car bombs as of 9/06 (they have quit keeping count since then due to not receiving accurate data since 9/06). • Iraqi Police • 2500 Iraqi Police killed as of 10/06. They are supportive of the Iraqi elected Shi ia govt. and the U.S. efforts • The Insurgency (3/07) • 20-30,000 Iraqi insurgents fighting for various groups other than the Iraq govt. or U.S. coalition forces • Sunni insurgents perhaps as high as 70,000 • Al Queda members = 1000 approx. • Other foreign fighters = 800-2000

35. Statistics (estimates) of violence: source The Brookings Institute • Increase in insurgency attacks • From 60 a day in 2/05 to 159 a day 5/07 • 20,000 insurgents as of 7/06 • 800-2000 foreigners involved with insurgents as of 7/06 • 6700 IED’s exploded 2006 • roughly 5000 IED’S “found and cleared” (7/06) • No updated statistic as of 8/07 regarding this most deadly of indicators??? • Refugees and asylum seekers • 1.1 million “displaced persons” living in Iraq as of 7/07 • 2.4 million Iraqi citizens living abroad as of 4/07 (mostly Syria then Jordan) • 890,000 refugees and asylum seekers as of 2005 • Has increased to 1,800,000 as of

36. Statistics (estimates) of violence: source The Brookings Institute • Kidnappings • 12/03-4/05 about 5000 Iraqis kidnapped • Average lately about 30-40 Iraqis kidnapped a day (8/07) • Average ransom price $ 30,000 (7/07) • 200 foreign citizens kidnapped, 54 killed the others released (8/07) • Infrastructure: • Water and sewage (prewar vs. 3/06) • 3 million less have water available • ½ million less have sewage available • Education • 27% increase in m.s./h.s. enrollment from 02-05

37. Bush’s responds to critics: Why the U.S. must “stay the course.”10/05 speech. • The Militant Threat And The Importance Of Winning The War On Terror • The Terrorists Serve A Clear And Focused Ideology. The ideology known as Islamic radicalism, militant Jihadism, or Islamo-fascism - different from the religion of Islam - exploits Islam to serve a violent political vision that calls for the murder of all those who do not share it. The followers of Islamic radicalism are bound together by their shared ideology, not by any centralized command structure. Although they fight on scattered battlefields, these terrorists share a similar ideology and vision for the world openly stated in videos, audiotapes, letters, declarations, and websites. • First, These Extremists Are Determined To End American And Western Influence In The Middle East. • Second, The Militant Network Wants to Use The Vacuum Created By Retreat To Expand Its Power. • Third, From Their New Base, These Militants Will Seek To Establish A Radical Islamic Empire. • To Accomplish Their Extremist Agenda, The Militants Thrive On The Suffering And Frustrations Of Others.

38. Bush’s responds to critics: Why the U.S. must “stay the course.”10/05 speech. • In Pursuit Of Their Goals, Islamic Radicals Are Empowered By Helpers And Enablers. They are sheltered and supported by authoritarian regimes - allies of convenience like Syria and Iran – • This Extremism Cannot Be Given Concessions, Bribed, Or Appeased. We Must Never Accept Anything Less Than Victory. • Islamic Radicalism Is Another In A Line Of Bankrupt Ideologies: • The Islamic Radical Threat Of This Century Greatly Resembles The Bankrupt Ideology Of The Last. The murderous ideology of the Islamic radicals is the great challenge of our century. Yet, in many ways, this fight resembles the struggle against communism in the last century. • (Note—Mr. Chittock and his students explored this in detail back in 2002, check out the War on terrorism/communism link on left side of my home page to Chittocks World) • Like Communism, Islamic Radicalism Is Led By An Elitist Self-Appointed Vanguard That Presumes To Speak For The Muslim Masses. • Islamic Radicals Purposely Target Innocent Individuals For A Political Vision.

39. Bush’s responds to critics: Why the U.S. must “stay the course.”10/05 speech. • Islamic Radicals Pursue Totalitarian Aims. • Islamic Radicalism Is Dismissive Of Free Peoples. • And Like Communism, Islamic Radicalism Contains Inherent Contradictions That Doom It To Failure. • The Strategy To Win • The President Outlined The Strategy To Win The War On Terror. Defeating a broad and adaptive network requires patience, constant pressure, and strong partners. Working with these partners, the U.S. is disrupting militant conspiracies, destroying their ability to make war, and giving millions a hopeful alternative to resentment and violence. • First, We Are Preventing Terrorist Attacks Before They Occur. • Second, We Are Denying Weapons Of Mass Destruction To Outlaw Regimes And Their Terrorist Allies. • Third, We Are Determined To Deny Radical Groups The Support And Sanctuary Of Outlaw Regimes. State sponsors like Syria and Iran have a long history of collaboration with terrorists - and they deserve no patience from the victims of terror. The United States makes no distinction between those who commit acts of terror and those who support and harbor terrorists, because they are equally guilty of murder.

40. Bush’s responds to critics: Why the U.S. must “stay the course.”10/05 speech. • Fourth, We Are Fighting To Deny The Militants Control Of Any Nation. • Fifth, We Are Denying The Militants Future Recruits By Advancing Democracy And Hope Across The Broader Middle East. • If the region is left to grow in bitterness and misery, while radicals stir the resentments of millions, then that part of the world will be a source of endless conflict and mounting danger. However, the extremists will be marginalized and their violence ended if the peoples of that region are permitted to choose their own destiny and advance by their own energy and participation as free men and women. America is making this stand in practical ways. We are encouraging our friends in the Middle East, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia, to take the path of reform to strengthen their own societies in the fight against terror by respecting the rights of people. We are standing with dissidents and exiles against oppressive regimes, because we know that the dissidents of today will be the democratic leaders of tomorrow. We are making our case through public diplomacy - stating clearly and confidently our belief in self-determination, religious freedom, and equal rights for women. By standing for the hope and freedom of others, we will make our own freedom more secure.

41. Key events from 8/06-8/07 • 1. Israel vs. Hezbollah (democratically elected “terrorist group in Lebanon to north of Israel) involved in large war July-Sept. 06 • 2. Hamas vs. Palestinian Authority “civil war” in Gaza Strip. Both past or present terrorist groups, both present day political parties that were democratically elected by Palestinian peoples to run the West Bank and Gaza Strip • 3. Role of madrassa schools and whether or not they train future terrorists and/or homicide bombers • 4. Aljeezera and Palestinian children’s t.v. (http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293284,00.html). Press coverage by/from Arab/Palestinian viewpoints. • Why do these first 4 key events not deal directly with Iraq/Afghanistan???

42. Nahul, The Killer Bee?? Children’s T.V. Character on Palestinian Hamas television encouraging kids to be martyrs and homicide/suicide bombers.Source www.memritv.org and http://www.foxnews.com/js/photoPop.html?0

43. Key events from 8/06-8/07 cont. • 5. House and Senate Congressional elections in Nov. 06 • Democrats win control of House and Senate. What does this mean for Republican Bush??? • 6. Iraq Study Group report 12/06. What are the top three recommendations in your opinion and why?? (http://www.usip.org/isg/iraq_study_group_report/report/1206/iraq_study_group_report.pdf) pages 30-62 deal with the recommendations • 7. Bombing the Shiite Samarra Mosque again, (both times extremely important--2/22/06 and 6/13/07) • 8. The U.S. Troop Surge 5/07-9/07 • 9. Timeline for with drawl (drawdown) of U.S. troops • Continual votes by congress to force a timeline for and White House refusal and vetoes by President Bush

44. Key events from 8/06-8/07 cont. • 10. Afghanistan--Increased violence this year where we thought stability had returned since 2003 and Taliban removal. • 11. Pakistan and President Musharraf • deal with tribal leaders to not use Pakistan military against terrorists and supporters but allow tribal leaders to quell Al Queda with their own militias and family relations/diplomacy! • Red mosque battle between Pakistan govt. troops and terrorist madrassa school students in Islamabad, Pakistan (7/3/07-7-12-07) • 12. U.S. generals speaking about leaving behind a stable govt. in Iraq, and not necessarily a democracy (CNN “situation room” 8/22/07) • 13. Bush drawing parallels between Iraq today and Korea and Viet Nam in 50’s and 60-70’s (8/22/07 speech)

45. Key events 8/07-8/08 • 1. Iraq • Troop surge a real big success!!! • Violence greatly reduced in Iraq • U.S. military and Iraq govt. made cooperation deal with tribal-clan leaders to help fight against Iraqi insurgents rather than fight against the U.S. and Iraq govt. • Some U.S. troops can now be sent home or to Afghanistan. • 2. Afghanistan • Violence continues to increase • Bin laden still free • More troops will probably be sent

46. Http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Benazir_Bhutto_cropped.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Pervez_Mushrraf2.jpg

47. Key events 8/07-8/08 cont. • 3. Pakistan and President Musharraf • deal with tribal leaders to not use Pakistan military against terrorists and supporters but allow tribal leaders to quell Al Queda with their own militias and family relations/diplomacy! • It never worked, violence continually increased • Prime Minister Musharraf resigns today!!! (8/18/08) • Who will be the new leader of this country with a serious terrorist problem and nuclear weapons?? • Leading Prime Minister candidate Benazir Bhutto was assassinated 12/07. She was expected to defeat Musharraf in the election • many think perhaps by Musharraf’s military?? • She had served as Prime Minister 88-90 then 93-96 • Her father had served as Prime Minister and then was deposed/assassinated in 1977

48. from Adam Barker, Press Assistant to U.S. Senator John McCain, Washington, D.C. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/ObamaBarack.htm

49. Key events 8/07-8/08 cont. • 4. Presidential campaign 07-11/08 • Both McCain and Obama have different views toward Iraq and Afghanistan. • How do they differ???? • You watch the news nightly to determine how they differ, and…….to decide who is most qualified to lead the continued (?) U.S. presence in Iraq and/or Afghanistan • Some students will be doing research re: the viewpoints held by both candidates on one key issue!!!! Then those students will have to take a stand with the candidate with whom they agree!!

50. Key events from 8/07-8/08 cont. • 5. Iran • Has claimed to test missiles capable of hitting Israel (remember her president has stated 5 different times he wants to see Israel wiped off the face of the earth!!) • World is trying to get her to stop her development of nuclear power (and many suspect, nuclear weapons) • Israel destroyed a nuclear development site in Syria believed to be built by Iran and developing nuclear weapons??? • Iran has threatened to retaliate against Israel if Israel attacks and to also shut down oil shipments in the straight of Hormuz. • Israel says all options are on the table in stopping Iran