The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Scientific Revolution Review • Scientific Method – Francis Bacon; Used observation & experiments to test hypothesis • Nicolas Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory • Galileo – Telescope, Astronomical Observations • Isaac Newton – Gravity, 3 Laws of Motion • Robert Boyle – Boyle’s Law (Pressure inversely proportional to temperature & volume. PV=k)

3. ESSENTIAL QUESTION • How did the Industrial Revolution affect the development of Europe?

4. The Industrial Revolution • Refers to the shift from farming to manufacturing that originated in Great Britain & spread to the United States and much of Europe.

5. Where it Started & Why • The Industrial Revolution began in England • Why? • England had large deposits of coal • Their large colonial empire supplied raw materials • Had most powerful navy in the world, & used it to protect trade ships • Powerful middle class

6. Causes • The steam engine was invented • Powered many machines at once • Allowed factories to be created • Now goods could be mass produced

7. Effects • Urbanization • Many workers were needed to work in factories • People moved from countryside to cities because of available jobs • Populations of cities increased

8. Effects • Global Trade Increased • Nations needed raw materials to produce goods • Nations wanted to sell their products to make money • Railroads • Created to transport goods • 1st Railroad: United Kingdom, used to move goods & people in 1830’s • Spread throughout revolution & became fastest way to travel

9. Effects • Working Conditions • Poor conditions with low pay • Children forced to work in unsafe conditions cause they could fit inside machines to fix them • Charles Dickens wrote about this in many novels

10. Scientists & Inventions • James Hargreaves • Invented Spinning Jenny in 1763 • Used cotton to make large amounts of thread & cloth • James Watt • Invented Steam Engine in 1769 • Used to power factories & machinery

11. Scientists & Inventions • Eli Whitney • Created Cotton Gin in 1793 • Quickly separated cotton from seeds • American South planted more cotton, increased slavery • Robert Fulton • Invented Steamboat in 1807 • Created faster movement of goods & people

12. Scientists & Inventions • Samuel Morse • Helped create telegraph in 1837 • Developed Morse Code – Made communication faster using electronics & wires • Henry Bessemer • Invented Bessemer Process in 1854 • Helped with mass production of steel using iron

13. Scientists & Inventions • Louis Pasteur • Helped create Pasteurization in 1864 • Heated milk to kill germs without spoiling milk • Created rabies vaccine • Alexander Graham Bell • Invented telephone in 1876 • First words: “Mr. Watson come here!”

14. Scientists & Inventions • Thomas Edison • Developed devices that influenced life around world • Phonograph, Motion Picture Camera, Light bulb • Pierre & Marie Curie • Discovered radium in 1898 • Radioactive material used in X-Rays • Led to creation of atomic bomb