The Cold War

1. The Cold War

2. Cold War starts • Though Stalin promised democracy for Eastern Europe at Yalta, the Red Army remained in those countries & they became “satellite states” controlled by the Soviet Union • By the meeting at Potsdam, Stalin refuses to provide democracy & Pres. Truman is convinced Soviet Union is planning world conquest • It’s a “Cold War” because the 2 sides never face each other directly in a “hot” military conflict

3. “Iron Curtain” • Churchill gives a speech in Missouri that describes the split in Europe • The East under Soviet control, but they would attempt to spread it to the West & Asia

4. Truman Doctrine: Policy of giving U.S. aid to countries struggling against Communism • Containment: keep communism contained within existing borders • Marshall Plan: economic aid to Europe; food, heating & $ (part of containment & est. goodwill toward the U.S.)

5. Divided Berlin • It was determined that the city's daily food ration would be 646 tons of flour and wheat; 125 tons of cereal; 64 tons of fat; 109 tons of meat and fish; 180 tons of dehydrated potatoes; 180 tons of sugar; 11 tons of coffee; 19 tons of powdered milk; 5 tons of whole milk for children; 3 tons of fresh yeast for baking; 144 tons of dehydrated vegetables; 38 tons of salt; and 10 tons of cheese.  In total, 1,534 tons were needed daily to keep the over 2 million people alive.

6. Berlin Airlift • From June ‘48- May ‘49 Stalin halts ALL traffic on the roads, railways & waterways from West Germany to West Berlin (Berlin was deep in Eastern Germany, controlled by the Soviets) • The U.S. & Britain fly in necessities every day & Stalin is forced to lift the blockade

7. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; 12 Western European & North American nations join in a military alliance • Warsaw Pact: Communist states form this rival military alliance

8. Communists in China • China had been in civil war since before Japan invaded them, after WWII it resumed • Soviets supported Communist Mao Zedong; U.S. supported Chiang Kai-shek • Though U.S. gave billions, Mao’s forces won

9. Korean War (1950-53) • After WWII Korea was split in 2. North was occupied by Soviets & South by U.S. • Divided at the 38th parallel • North invades South, U.S. defends South & under Gen. MacArthur pushes all the way north • China hops in & pushes U.S. back to the 38th • Stalemate! Two sides sign a cease-fire

10. Opening Question 1 • Read this excerpt • “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.... Should we fail to aid Greece and Turkey in this fateful hour, the effect will be far-reaching to the West.... We must take immediate and resolute action. I therefore ask the Congress to provide authority for assistance to Greece and Turkey in the amount of $400 million.... The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died.” • Based on yesterday’s notes: IDENTIFY who said this and IDENTIFY what term it describes and EXPLAIN why using evidence from the excerpt.

11. Opening Question 2 • Read this excerpt • I need to say that the world situation is very serious.... Europe must have a great deal of additional help, or face heavy economic, social, and political damage. This would have a harmful effect on the world at large. There are also possibilities of disturbances because of the desperation of the people concerned. The effect on the economy of the United States should be clear to all. So the United States should do whatever it can to help restore normal economic health to the world. Without this there can be no political stability or peace. Our policy is directed ... against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos . Its purpose is to revive a working economy in the world. • Based on yesterday’s notes: IDENTIFY what important term it describes. EXPLAIN using evidence from the excerpt.

12. Arms Race • Soviets develop & test atomic bomb • Truman orders Atomic Energy Commission to develop a hydrogen bomb (1000x stronger) • Many scientists say this will create perpetual arms race; but gov’ts insist “mutually assured destruction” will stop the other side from using them. • Key and Peele- Dueling Hats

13. Hot Spots • Nikita Khrushchev becomes Soviet leader after Stalin’s death; he’s not as cruel (or crazy) • 1956 Poland riots & gains greater control of their gov’t; Hungarians revolt & are brutally crushed • Suez Crisis: Egypt nationalizes Suez Canal (could stop flow of oil to Europe), so France, Britain & Israel plot to take the canal; Eisenhower refuses to support them, so they withdraw

14. Eisenhower Doctrine • U.S. would used force to help Middle Eastern countries fight communism • CIA (intelligence gathering) aids coups in Iran & Guatemala

15. Space Race • ‘57 Soviets send Sputnik, 1st satellite, into space • U.S. begins to fund Science education • Create NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Administration)

16. Kennedy & the Cold War • Elected in 1960 (ps. 1st televised debate) • Strategy: flexible response—spends more on army, navy & special forces along with nuclear • Founded Peace Corps to help 3rd world countries

17. Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) • Fidel Castro had taken over Cuba; Eisenhower had authorized a CIA plan to overthrow him • Kennedy implements the plan; it fails miserably, strengthens Castro & made Kennedy look bad to other countries

18. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • Soviets were building nuclear missile sites in Cuba; U.S. blockaded Cuba • Kennedy & Khrushchev involved in a tense 6 day stand-off • Kennedy agrees to remove missiles from Turkey & Italy if Soviets remove from Cuba • Hotline between Moscow & D.C. placed

19. Origins of Vietnam War • Was a French colony • Truman supported France’s claim on it to keep French support of the Cold war & fight communist Vietminh under leader Ho Chi Minh • Eisenhower continued support with the “domino theory:” if Vietnam fell to communism others would follow

20. U.S. joins in… • The Vietminh defeat the French at Dien Bien Phu & are freed • North Vietnam was communist & South was anti- & supported by the U.S. • Long story short: the 2 were supposed to join together but the South didn’t want to ‘cuz they knew they’d end up communist • Communists in the South, the Vietcong, use guerrilla warfare to attack • In ‘61 JFK sends special forces to “advise” the South

21. Johnson’s Vietnam • When a N. Vietnamese torpedo is fired at the USS Maddox, Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolutions to give the Pres. power to commit troops without declaration of war • ‘65 Operation Rolling Thunder bombs N. Vietnam • Many more troops sent

22. Napalm- jellied gas that explodes on impact & covers everything • Agent Orange- herbicide used to killed crops & deforest jungles (caused starvation & later: cancers & birth defects

23. No way to win? • Tough for many to understand why we were fighting: It’s not over territorial acquisition; it’s not to over throw the North, just to protect the South… • Indecisive battles in jungles, at night, not knowing who the enemy is, etc. • This lack of progress leads to low morale • Congress itself splits into hawks & doves with more people pointing out the pointlessness of it

24. Responses at home • Antiwar protests increase, the draft becomes less popular • College campuses become protest hotspots • Discrepancies between journalists’ reports & the Johnson administration reports on the war create a “credibility gap,” a distrust of the government.

25. Tet Offensive (1968) • N. Vietnam coordinated assault on S.; with U.S. help they fought back, but still a blow to the S. & U.S. • Makes an end seem unlikely • Johnson announces he will limit bombing & seek settlement and he will not run for President again

26. ‘68 Election • Robert Kennedy, the Democrat candidate, is assassinated in June • Richard Nixon (R) faces off against VP Hubert Humphrey (D) and George Wallace • Nixon wins by appealing to the “Silent Majority” and using a “southern strategy” to lure the Solid South to his party (it works)

27. Nixon’s Vietnam • “Peace with honor” slogan: U.S. out of Vietnam but on honorable terms • Began gradual pullout of troops & continued peace talks • “Vietnamization” of the war: U.S. forces will be replaced with Vietnam’s army • Nonetheless, he also authorized bombing & attacks on the Vietcong in Cambodia

28. My Lai Massacre • Troops kill 400-500 civilians in this village. In ‘71 Lt. Calley is convicted. The story of the attack, cover up & trial shocks Americans Pentagon Papers • Classified gov’t history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam is leaked to NY Times. It reveals gov’t had been active in Vietnam with out Americans’ knowledge & leaders had lied to Congress…

29. Impact of Vietnam • Paris Peace Accords are signed in Jan. ‘73 and the last troops go home • By ‘75 N. Vietnam has taken the South • Southeast Asia is a mess: Laos & Cambodia become Communist • Vets come home to mixed responses; considered heroes or offered help • War Powers Act: Pres. must inform Congress within in 48 hrs. of committing U.S. forces to foreign conflicts

30. Nixon & The Cold War • Along with Henry Kissinger (top national security advisor),embraces realpolitikwhich holds that political goals should be concrete & practical, NOT ideological • (ie. fighting commies anywhere, even if it doesn’t make sense, costs $ & lives; while refusing to trade with Soviets & China) • Questioned the assumption that all communists were working together • Resumed relations with China! (a game of ping-pong fixes all problems) • Visited Moscow and signed SALT 1 which limited the use of certain types of missiles—thus slowing the arms race

31. End of the Cold War • Both Presidents Ford & Carter continue the policy of détente (easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation), with a few hiccups here & there • President Reagan actually amps the arms race back up with “Star Wars” (not the movie) • Despite this, the new Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, & Reagan meet and sign various agreements • Gorbachev’s policies of glasnost (openness) and pereskroika (reform) led to the collapse of the Soviet Union • Berlin Wall down in ’89 • Communists fall in other Soviet bloc counties • By ‘92 Russia & U.S. signed a friendship agreement

32. Butter Battle Book • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z71Czfh8w3o • Answer on a piece of paper, to turn in. • What are the 2 sides? • What is their main difference? • Where did the Yooks learn their ‘bread rules’? • What contest is going on? • What does the wall represent? • What does the ‘boomeroo’ represent? • What is Dr. Seuss trying to convey at the end of the book with both men standing on the wall holding the Big-Boy Boomeroo? • This book was controversial in it’s time, why do you think that is?