The Roman Empire: From Republic to Conquests

1. CHAPTER 6 THE ROMAN EMPIRE

2. Vocabulary • republic: system of government in which officials are chosen by the people. • patriancian: member of the landholding upper class in ancient Rome. • consul: official from the patriacian class who supervised the government and commanded the army. • dictator: a ruler appointed for six months in time of emergency. • plebian: member of the lower class in Rome, including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders. • tribune: official in ancient Rome who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests. • veto: power to block a government action. • legion: basic unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000soldiers. • aqueduct: bridge-like stone structure that carried water from hills intothe cities. • messiah: savior sent by God. • sect:  small religious group. • martyr: person who suffers or dies for his or her beliefs. • bishop: head of a diocese. • pope: head of the Roman Catholic Church • heresy: religious belief that is contrary to the church's beliefs. • mercenary: solider serving in foreign army for pay.

3. ROME

4. SECTION 1

5. Rome : The two theories • There are two theories of how the Great Roman history began: • One theory is that after the Trojan war a Greek Prince Aeneas looked for a new place to go and ended up in Rome and became friends with the Estruscans who had lived there (in Italy). • The second was the story of Romulus and Remus the sons of Mars. They were protected by wolves and then a farmer took them home and raised them. They became very powerful people in society and were constantly fighting. During one brawl Romulus killed Remus and became the first ruler of Rome.

6. In 800 b.c. the Latins settled along the Tiber River in small villages in the 7 low-lying hills. Herded and farmed. Etruscans in the north of Rome had the biggest influence They learned the alphabet from the Etruscans Etruscan gods and goddesses mixed with Roman deities. Romans took over the Etruscans in 509 B.C. And had grown into a city. Roman beginnnings

7. Government • Set up a new form of government. • Officials were elected by the people called a Republic. • This new form of government prevented people from gaining too much power. • Between 509 B.C. – 133 B.C. adapted their government. to meet changing needs, such as a stronger military. • The most powerful body was the senate. • Senators served for life. • They issued decrees • Interpreted the laws • Elected two consuls • 300 members of patricians or landholding upper-class. • Counsels supervised the government Commanded the armies they were partitioned they only served one term • Systems of checks on the power of the government • During war the senate elected the senate a dictator

8. Plebeians Demand Equality • Plebeians (farmers, artisans, traders) controlled most of the population. • their first break through was in 450 B.C • They protested that they didn’t know the laws because they weren’t written down. • The government then had the laws written down on 12 tablets and placed in a market place in the center of Rome. • This eventually led to them being able to appeal as well as the right to elect their own officials. • Their officials were called tribunes- they vetoed laws that were harmful to the plebeians. • Eventually the Plebeians could join the senate.

9. Expansion in Italy • By 270 B.C. occupied all of Italy • They had become skillful diplomats • Had a skill and well organized army • Soldiers weren’t paid and had to supply their own weapons • A legion was a basic unit of the army and had 5,000 men • Roman commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishments. • They treated their defected enemies with justice • They acknowledge roman leaders • Paid taxes • Supplied soldiers • And could keep their own customs, money, and local government.

10. 1st War: Rome defeated Carthage Forcinjg it to surreder Silcily, Sardenia, & Corsica Gained much control of medittereanean Battled in water At first there was no navy and then they built up a great one. 2nd War: - 23 years later. Hannibal was the Carthaginian general.The son of Hemilcar Barca, a former Carthinagin genreal He sought revenge 218 he set out from Spain with war elephants Eh tried to sneak up on Rman from ther North Across the mountains throguh France & italy. The won batlle after battle for 15 days Romans attacked Carthage and then Hannibal’s army had to go back home to defend. Rome wins and now contorls the reast of the west. The Punic wars 264 B.C. – 146 B.C. • 3rd War : • Romans sent troops to Carthage. • Destroyed Carthagnian cities and then spread salt. • The Roman General Scippio Africanas was the Roman General who attacked Carthage. Africa is named after him.

11. Section2

12. In control of busy trade routes Riches flooded Rome Social and Economic conquests New class of wealthy Romans emerged Wealthy families built mansions and imported luxuries Farmers fell into debt and had to sell their land Unemployment rate increased and created a large gap between the rich and the poor Increase in corruption Self interest replaced hard work, simplicity and devotion Tiberus and Graius attempted reform. In 133 B.C Tiberius was elected a trinbune. 10 years later Graius was elected a tribune. They called on senate and supported public funds for grain for the poor. There was an extension of full citizenship. The brothers as well as thousands of others were killed by senators and hered thugs. | Effects of Expansion Attempts at Reform

13. Caesar's bid for power • Over the next hundred years there were a series of civil wars. • There was a struggle of power between the senate and the popular political leaders. • Warfare changed old legions of solider into highly professional soldiers. • Julius Caesar an able commander dominated Roman politics with Pompeii. • 59 B.C Caesar set out and after 9 years brought Gaul under Roman control. • Senate ordered him to disband his army. • Caesar defied this order. • He conquered saying “Veni Vidi Vici” and forced senate to make him dictator. • 48 B.C. – 44 B.C. • Made reforms such as public works • Reorganized Roman provinces • The most lasting reform was the Julian calendar. • They feared he would name himself king. • They plotted against him and he was killed on the Ides of March.

14. End of Republic • Marc Anthony & Octavian joined forces to hunt down ceasers murderers. • In 31 B.C Octavian defeated marc Anthony and his ally queen Cleopatra of Egypt. • The seanate declaired Octavian Augugstus or exultd one. • He ha absolut power named his sucsessor he ruled from 31 B.C. to 14 A.D. • The public came to an end under his rule.

15. Imperial Rome • Rome recovered from civil wars. • Had efficant civil service with inforcing laws. • High level jobs were offered to men with talent regartless with class. • Economic reforms included • fair tax system • Ordered a sensis • Postal service • Gave people jobs building roads and Aquaduts and farming • Augustus government worked well for two hundred years, but the death of an Emperer led to increasing violence

16. Evil Caligula (Little Boots) Was insane and evil. He named his horse head consul. Nero He persecuted Christians because he blamed them for setting the fire that destroyed much of Rome. Good Hadrian Codified Roman law Build a wall across Britain to hold back attackers it bordered Britain and Scotland. Marcus Aurelius Red philosophy on military companions. Committed to his duty Good & Evil Emperors

17. Section 3

18. Two hundred years from the rein of Augustus to Marcus Aurelius. Brought peace prosperity to Roman Empire. Egypt supplied grain Africa supplied gold, ivory, and wild animals, the silk road brought exotic goods from China. People also spread the ideas and knowledge. Pax Romana

19. Greco Roman Civilization Absorbed Greek Culture Greek Art Literature Philosophy Science Blend of Greek, Hallenistic & Roman Traditions Art Improved greek Statues Roman sculptures adapted Greek styles Architecture Used Greek columns Emphasized grandeur Improved arches & domes Engineering Made an Aqueduct Literature, Philosophy & History Many Roman spoke Greek Used location to create literature Poetry Aeneid wrote an epic poem (virgil) Orid Linked Rome to create by retelling tales Historians Liby tried to arouse fellings & restore traditions, reconted tales of great heros Tacitus wrote bitterly about Agustus & his succesors, he felt the destroyed Roman Liberty Roman Achievement

20. Section 4

21. by 63b.c Rome conquered Palestine and most of the Jews. Romans tolerated Jews. Jews had 1 God. Jews absorbed Greek customs Jews rules were strict Zealots, or other Jews, had a different motive than the Jewish priests. They wanted to break away They called on Jews to revolt against Rome and reestablish a independent Israel Jesus, the messiah would appear to lead the Jews to freedom Roman forces crushed rebels, captured Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish temple. drove Jews out of their homeland and forbade them to return. This scattering of Jews was known as dispora. Jews did survive in scattered communities around the Mediterranean. Many Jews wanted to rebuild an independent Jewish state in Palestine. Division Revolts &

22. The Life of Jesus • Founder of Christianity • Most of what we know of him is from the gospel accounts. • born 4b.c in Bethlehem to a family of decedents of King David. • the angel Gabriel came to his mother one night and said "she will bear child and he will be called son of most high, God“ • growing up he was a regular Jewish boy. • worked as a carpenter with his father Joseph • performed miracles and preached the word of God. • many people came to see him speak. • he preached strict obedience to the law of Moses and defended the teachings of Jewish prophets. • His main thing he preached about was love your enemies. • Some welcomed him and loved his teaching others called him a dangerous trouble maker. • betrayed by one of his apostles and condemned to death by the Jews. They said he committed blasphemy. • He had death on the cross. He carried his cross and was nailed to it. • a mockery was made of his death. On the top of his cross the letters INRI were inscribed which means "King of the Jews."

23. Christianity • Spread of Christianity Christianity remained a sect w/in Judaism.work of Paul. Paul a Jew from Asia Minor began wide spread of a new religion. He a a vision a Jesus spoke to him. He said that he must go out and spread the word of God. he would spread the word everywhere even to non-Jews called Gentiles. Paul emphasized the idea that Jesus sacrificed his life for our sake and out of love for all people. He said that if you followed the word of God you will achieve salvation or eternal life. • Persecution Roman didn't like Christianity. Roman officials saw Christians as disloyal to Rome because they refused to make sacrifices the emperor or to the Roman Gods.Many people accused them of evil practices for hiding their meetings.Persecution grew at a rapid pace during the Roman empire. Many Christians became martyrs. Paul was also killed during the reign of Nero. • Survival of Christianity Christianity continued to grow stronger.Jesus welcomed all people and many people found comfort in his message .Christians added many ideas from great philosophers.Even through all the persecution many people converted. • Role of women Women were just important as men were. They too preached the word of God and looked for converts.

24. The Early Church • Christians finally began to organize and they formed a church. • Communities had their own priest and the priest were followers of bishops. • A bishop was responsible for all Christians in their diocese. • Many great bishops moved up to archbishop who would direct the other bishops in his area. • Only men were allowed to join the Christian clergy. • Many of the bishops were being very competitive because the wanted to move up. • Finally the decisions to have the bishop of Rome become the pope was made. • He was the head of the R.C.C • As the church accepted moor e and more people it made many new rules. • A council of Christians met to decide the official Teachings of the Christian faith. • They accepted the New Testaments which was 27 books about the life of Jesus, sent out missionaries to spread the word and try to get people to convert and they also fought off heresy. • Christian persecution ended in ad 313. • Ryman power began to fade as the Christina religion rose  but the empire was still strong.

25. Section5

26. The Crisis • The pax roman ended in 180. • The roman empire was in a time of disaster for about 100 years. • Many generals were overthrown in the matter of months. • Many farmers left their farms and went to seek protection from wealthy landowners. • Many farmers made their own plots on the land of the wealthy. • They were almost like serfs because they weren't allowed to leave the land without permission.

27. Reforms Diocletian and Constantine each set up strong one-man rule during their times as leader. They both initiated many reforms. Diocletian: • Strived to restore order. • He divided the empire into two parts. • Appointed a co-emperor to take care of the western, or poorer part, and the co-emperor had to obey his commands. • Surrounded himself with extravagant ceremonies to show off. • He also took steps to end economic decay. Such as fixing prices at set rates so they don’t rise as much and making farmers stay on their farms at all times. • These rules were made to modify the supply of food and other goods. Constantine: • Gained the throne in 312. • Continued many of Diocletian's reforms. • He granted toleration to the Christians and he encouraged the growth of Christianity. • He built a new capital in the east because it was richer than the west. • The capital was Constantinople. This made the eastern Roman empire do better than the western Roman empire

28. Invaders As rome grew weaker more invaders tried to conquer it. Their were 2 main ivaders the Visogoths and the Huns. The Visogoths: • Germanic barbarians • They sought safety by entering the empire. • The Visogoths attacked Rome. • Rmoe suffered a bad defeat. • General Alerac overran Italy and plundered Rome. • When troops from all over the Empire came to Rome, the borders were left unguarded, and more Germanic tribes came in. The Huns • Led by Attila • Embarked on a fatal hunt across Europe. • Christians called Attila the “scourge of God” • The Christians believed Attila was sent as a • punishment for our sins. • When Attila died the Huns grew weaker but still • conquered more land. • Odoacer, another Germanic leader, finished off • the Roman empire. • After his attack the Roman empire was much to • weak to go on.

29. The Fall of Rome • Military causes: Germanic invasions. Roman legions lacked discipline and training of earlier roman armies. Mercenaries didn't have enough skill in war to beat the invaders. • Political causes: government lost support of the people. Many officials became corrupt. The division of the empire at a time of crisis. • Economy cause: heavier taxes and inflation. the wealth of the empire decreased rapidly. people became to reliant on slaves. Problems with foreigners. population decreased because of war. • Social cause: the upper class devoted itself to luxury and became selfish providing "bread and circuses" may have undermined the self reliance of masses.

30. Did Rome Really Fall? • The Roman empire didn’t fall in a day. • An emperor still ruled the eastern roman empire which was made the Byzantine Empire. • The fall was actually a very slow process • Over the next few centuries Germans customs and ideas replaced Roman ways. • Cities crumbled and were not restored. • Roman civilization gave a jumpstart on another big time in history… The Renaissance.

31. The End!