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Intelligence

Intelligence. What is “intelligence”? Why/how do we measure it? What do we do with the scores ? Link to Human Intelligence Map. Major Issues. Theoretical vs. Psychometric base One, two, or many factors Nature vs. nurture Individual or group administration Verbal or non-verbal

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Intelligence

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  1. Intelligence • What is “intelligence”? • Why/how do we measure it? • What do we do with the scores? • Link to Human Intelligence Map

  2. Major Issues • Theoretical vs. Psychometric base • One, two, or many factors • Nature vs. nurture • Individual or group administration • Verbal or non-verbal • Culture bias? Free? Fair?

  3. Historical Perspective

  4. 1869 - Sir Francis Galton • “father of intelligence testing” • Hereditary Genius (eugenics) • sensory apparatus

  5. 1905 - Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon • Original test - • classification of mentally retarded • ability for sound judgements • age related tasks • 1916 - Terman - US revision = Stanford/Binet

  6. 1927 - Spearman Two-factor theory g = general intellectual factor s = specific factor (e = measurement error)

  7. 1935 - Thurstone Primary Mental Abilities (PMA) 7 Group factors verbal comprehension word fluency number space associative memory perceptual speed reasoning

  8. 1939 - David Wechsler • adult intelligence (first, children later) act purposefully think rationally deal effectively with environment • verbal and performance abilities (also full scale)

  9. 1959 - Guilford Three faces of intelligence 5 Operations - what a person does 5 Content - material it is done on 6 Products - form in which information is stored (apply operation to content = product) 150 possible combinations

  10. Guilford’s Model

  11. 1963 - Cattell crystallized abilities = acquired knowledge and facts (declarative) fluid abilities = reasoning (procedural)

  12. 1975 - Gardner Multiple Intelligences logical-mathematical linguistic spatial musical bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal (naturalist, spiritual, existential)

  13. 1980 - Sternberg “successful intelligence = the ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture” (1999) Triarchic theory metacomponents (metacognition) performance components (procedural) knowledge acquisition components (declarative)

  14. 1960 - 90 Information Processing Approach Aleksandr Luria How information is processed, not What is processed Parallel (simultaneous) Serial (successive, sequential)

  15. Information processing measures Kaufman - (K-ABC) Das and Naglieri = CAS (Cognitive Assessment System) PASS – system P = planning A = attention S = Simultaneous S = Successive

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