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Intelligence

Intelligence. A controversial and complex phenomenon What IQ is What it means Different types of tests and intelligence What is the use (and misuse) of IQ testing. What is it?. Intelligence is the ability to solve problems and learn complex material. It involves: Processing speed

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Intelligence

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  1. Intelligence A controversial and complex phenomenon What IQ is What it means Different types of tests and intelligence What is the use (and misuse) of IQ testing

  2. What is it? • Intelligence is the ability to solve problems and learn complex material. It involves: • Processing speed • Working memory • Abstract reasoning • Ability to adapt • It is affected by an interaction of genes and environment.

  3. A closer look… • Processing Speed: Only faster at certain steps of problem solving (for higher IQ). Sternberg’s findings. • Working memory (short-term & executive processes): Higher IQ = manage more information. • About half the variation of IQ is attributed to genetic differences, within a population.

  4. ENVIRONMENT: Accounts for 50% IQ variation, in a population Within a family, what is responsible for IQ differences between the siblings? • Shared environment: Aspects of family setting present for all siblings = 1/3 to 1/4 variability of IQ. 2) Perceived environment and microenvironment: How person experiences things and the reactions he/she evokes.

  5. What, specifically is in an “environment” • Prenatal factors • Family factors • School • Peers • Look at this 

  6. So, what is an IQ test? • I.Q. means intelligence quotient. • Binet and Simon: Devised the first test between 1904-1911. • Mental age and chronological age • Terman and Wechsler: Revised test and developed the WAIS.

  7. An “IQ” • Today’s IQ tests are scored by specifying how a test-taker stands relative to other people of the same age. This is done by using a S.S. and by norming: • Standardized sample (S.S.): A random selection of people, drawn from a population. • Norming: The process of setting the mean score and standard deviation, based on results from the S.S.

  8. Making sense of it • Mean = the “average score” • Standard deviation = The average variability of the data set (i.e. all IQ scores in a population) or the average spread of scores. • Normal distribution: Bell shaped and most values fall in middle of range.

  9. Norming • Makes it easier to determine the meaning of any one test taker’s score relative to others. • For example: I know that you scored 115 on the IQ test. I also know that the average person your age in the US scores 100 on the IQ test. Finally, I know that 115 is one standard deviation from the mean. • This makes your score meaningful!!

  10. The WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale • Verbal subtests: Test takers ability to understand language, comprehension. • Performance subtests: Nonverbal tasks such as arranging pictures in a story, spot missing item, complete the pattern etc. • So, what do the numbers mean?

  11. IQ • “Average” IQ = 100 • 68% Score between 85 and 115 • About 2% score 130 or above and 2% score at 70 or below • College students: 112-120 • Gifted: most commonly above 135 • Mentally retarded: Below 70, plus adaptive impairment

  12. What is attributed to IQ • Is positively correlated with academic performance and income level. Negatively correlated with social problems. • Must consider it is correlational data. • Explains 1/4 variation in job success. • The rest, culture, motivation, education etc.

  13. Yes, but, is it really that simple? • Spearman’s G: The general factor that underlies the positive correlations between different tests of intelligence. • Spearman’s S: Specific factors or aspects of performance particular to a given kind of task.

  14. Is it really that simple? • Cattell: Two factor theory • Fluid intelligence: Ability to adapt to novel situations. Example: Block design • Crystallized intelligence: Knowing facts and being able to use and combine them • Gardner’s multiple intelligences: Intelligence is specific competencies valued by our culture. • Influenced by his work at a VA

  15. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences: • Linguistic: Uses language well. • Logical/math • Spatial • Body/Kinesthetic • Musical • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Naturalistic…. *A criticism: Are these talents or intelligences?

  16. Sternberg • Three types of intelligence • Analytic (traditional IQ tests) • Practical • Creative *Sternberg: Best to teach in a way compatible w/student’s strongest intelligence.

  17. Other findings • The Flynn effect: IQ scores have risen about 3 points per decade! • Project Head Start: Only short term gains. BUT…….. What may help in successful enrichment programs?

  18. Enrichment • 1) Help participants recognize how they think: Strategies, organization, memory, monitoring. • 2) Detect situations that require a pattern of thinking.

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