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The Wireless Communication Channel

The Wireless Communication Channel. muse. Objectives. Understand fundamentals associated with free-space propagation. Define key sources of propagation effects both at the large- and small-scales

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The Wireless Communication Channel

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  1. The Wireless Communication Channel muse

  2. Objectives • Understand fundamentals associated with free-space propagation. • Define key sources of propagation effects both at the large- and small-scales • Understand the key differences between a channel for a mobile communications application and one for a wireless sensor network muse

  3. Objectives (cont.) • Define basic diversity schemes to mitigate small-scale effects • Synthesize these concepts to develop a link budget for a wireless sensor application which includes appropriate margins for large- and small-scale propagation effects muse

  4. Outline • Free-space propagation • Large-scale effects and models • Small-scale effects and models • Mobile communication channels vs. wireless sensor network channels • Diversity schemes • Link budgets • Example Application: WSSW

  5. Free-space propagation • Scenario Free-space propagation: 1 of 4

  6. Relevant Equations • Friis Equation • EIRP Free-space propagation: 2 of 4

  7. Alternative Representations • PFD • Friis Equation in dBm Free-space propagation: 3 of 4

  8. Issues • How useful is the free-space scenario for most wireless systems? Free-space propagation: 4 of 4

  9. Outline • Free-space propagation • Large-scale effects and models • Small-scale effects and models • Mobile communication channels vs. wireless sensor network channels • Diversity schemes • Link budgets • Example Application: WSSW

  10. Large-scale effects • Reflection • Diffraction • Scattering Large-scale effects: 1 of 7

  11. Modeling Impact of Reflection • Plane-Earth model Large-scale effects: 2 of 7 Fig. Rappaport

  12. Modeling Impact of Diffraction • Knife-edge model Large-scale effects: 3 of 7 Fig. Rappaport

  13. Modeling Impact of Scattering • Radar cross-section model Large-scale effects: 4 of 7

  14. Modeling Overall Impact • Log-normal model • Log-normal shadowing model Large-scale effects: 5 of 7

  15. Log-log plot Large-scale effects: 6 of 7

  16. Issues • How useful are large-scale models when WSN links are 10-100m at best? Free-space propagation: 7 of 7 Fig. Rappaport

  17. Outline • Free-space propagation • Large-scale effects and models • Small-scale effects and models • Mobile communication channels vs. wireless sensor network channels • Diversity schemes • Link budgets • Example Application: WSSW

  18. Small-scale effects • Multipath • Time and frequency response • Models Small-scale effects: 1 of 14

  19. Multipath • Scenario • Equations Small-scale effects: 2 of 14

  20. Case 1: primary and secondary paths arrive at same time (path Δ = 0) Multipath component: -1.7 dB down Time and Frequency Response Small-scale effects: 3 of 14

  21. Case 2: primary and secondary paths arrive at same time (path Δ = 1.5m) Time and Frequency Response Small-scale effects: 4 of 14

  22. Case 3: primary and secondary paths arrive at same time (path Δ = 4.0m) Time and Frequency Response Small-scale effects: 5 of 14

  23. Case 4: primary and secondary paths arrive at same time (path Δ = 4.5m) Time and Frequency Response Small-scale effects: 6 of 14

  24. Real World Data Fig. Frolik – IEEE TWC Apr. 07 Small-scale effects: 7 of 14

  25. Randomness in the Channel • Sources • Impact Small-scale effects: 8 of 14

  26. Statistical Channel Models • TWDP Small-scale effects: 9 of 14

  27. Baseline: Rayleigh Distribution • Scenario • Equations Small-scale effects: 10 of 14

  28. Cumulative Distribution Function Small-scale effects: 11 of 14

  29. Ricean: Less Severe than Rayleigh Small-scale effects: 12 of 14

  30. More Severe than Rayleigh? Small-scale effects: 13 of 14

  31. Importance of Proper Model Small-scale effects: 14 of 14

  32. Outline • Free-space propagation • Large-scale effects and models • Small-scale effects and models • Mobile communication channels vs. wireless sensor network channels • Diversity schemes • Link budgets • Example Application: WSSW

  33. Mobile WSN Mobile vs. WSN channels Mobile vs. WSN: 1 of 3

  34. Mobile WSN Channel Effects Mobile vs. WSN: 2 of 3 Fig. Rappaport

  35. Real world data revisited Fig. Frolik – IEEE TWC Apr. 07 Mobile vs. WSN: 3 of 3

  36. Outline • Free-space propagation • Large-scale effects and models • Small-scale effects and models • Mobile communication channels vs. wireless sensor network channels • Diversity schemes • Link budgets • Example Application: WSSW

  37. Diversity schemes • Time • Space • Frequency Diversity schemes: 1 of 3

  38. Approaches • MRC • Selection Diversity schemes: 2 of 3

  39. Benefits Fig. Bakir – IEEE TWC Diversity schemes: 3 of 3

  40. Outline • Free-space propagation • Large-scale effects and models • Small-scale effects and models • Mobile communication channels vs. wireless sensor network channels • Diversity schemes • Link budgets • Example Application: WSSW

  41. Link budgets • Link parameters Link budgets: 1 of 5

  42. Antenna Requirement? Link budgets: 2 of 5

  43. Example Spreadsheet Link budgets: 3 of 5

  44. Path loss exponent Link budgets: 4 of 5

  45. Margin Calculation Link budgets: 5 of 5

  46. Outline • Free-space propagation • Large-scale effects and models • Small-scale effects and models • Mobile communication channels vs. wireless sensor network channels • Diversity schemes • Link budgets • Example Application: WSSW

  47. Example: WSSW • Motivation • Approach WSSW: 1 of 2

  48. WSSW Results WSSW: 2 of 2

  49. Conclusions - 1 • As intuitively suspected, signal strength on average decreases with T-R distance • Large-scale effects determine the rate of signal strength degradation with distance • Small-scale effects may severely impact signal strength in highly reflective environments • Diversity schemes can mitigate the small-scale effects muse

  50. Conclusions - 2 • WSN have unique constrains which may not be best modeled using mobile communication methods • Link budgets are critical in order ascertain requisite transmit powers, expected connectivity length, etc. • Sensor nodes themselves can be utilized to ascertain channel characteristics muse

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