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TAXONOMY

TAXONOMY. T he branch of biology concerned with the classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure, origin, etc. . Why classify things?. Organize. _______________________. Categorize. _______________________. Order. _______________________. Supermarkets.

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TAXONOMY

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  1. TAXONOMY The branch of biology concerned with the classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure, origin, etc.

  2. Why classify things? Organize _______________________ Categorize _______________________ Order _______________________ Supermarkets

  3. Linneaus BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Two Name Naming System 1750 • Grouped living things by their PHYSICAL TRAITS • Grouped things into KINGDOMS • Gave all living things a two-part name • Provided a ‘universal language’ for scientists • when identifying organisms

  4. Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups, much like addresses are organized into smaller categories.

  5. KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

  6. Characteristics of Kingdoms

  7. Research the following

  8. The scientific name is made up of what two classification groups? ___________________________ • What is the scientific name of organism 2? __________________________ • Which two organisms are most closely related? _________________ Why? • Which two organisms share the most traits in common? ____________________ • What organism is most distant from all the organisms listed? ________________ • Organism C and A are related because they share the same___________________? • Organism E and A are related because they share the same____________________? • Explain why organism B is like a human. • What kind of organism is a Hyaenabrunnea? ____________________________ • a Trusiopsaduncus? ___________________

  9. LINNAEUS' SYSTEM HAS LIMITATIONS Since the Linnaean system focuses on physical similarities alone…molecular studies (genetic sequences) are not considered. Genetic similarities between two species are more likely than physical similarities to show ___________________________________ COMMON ANCESTORY

  10. CLASSIFICATION TODAY • Revealed genetic differences in the DNA sequences of organisms • Classified organisms into 3 DOMAINS • BACTERIA • ARCHAEA • EUKARYA Carl Woese

  11. Cladogram • An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be related • Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or clade, stay the same. Other traits change.

  12. Derived Characters • Derived characters are traits that are shared by some species but not by others • The more closely related species are, the more derived characters they will share • Derived characters are shown as hash marks

  13. Nodes • Each place where a branch splits is called a node. • Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor shared by a clade.

  14. What do the house cat and the turtle have in common? What does the leopard have in common with the wolf? What organisms are most closely related?

  15. INTERPRETING TAXONOMY GRAPHS ______ Dogs belong to the order Felidae. ______ A fox belongs to the phylum Arthropoda. 3. ______ Snakes belong to the phylum Reptilia.4. ______ Lions belong to the class mammalia5. ______ All arthropods belong to the Class Insecta6. ______ All rodents belong to the phylum chordata.7. ______ All amphibians belong to the class reptilia.8. _______ All primates are mammals.9. _______ The class mammalia includes dogs, cats and rats.10. ______ A lion belongs to the genus Felis.11. ______ All mammals are primates.12. ______ Insects and lobsters are arthropods. In each set, circle the pair that is most closely related. 13. snakes & crocodiles | snakes & frogs 14. rats & cats | cats & dogs15. insects & lobsters | insects & birds16. lions & tigers | lions & cougars17. foxes & rats | foxes & dogs18. cats & dogs | cats & lions 19. List (use species name) all the animals pictured that belong in the Felidae family. 20. The image does not show orders of insects. Suggest three categories of insects that would likely be grouped into orders. Hint: think about what kind of insects there are. Add your three categories to the image. Bonus: Create an addition to the image given the following information. a. Mollusks are divided into three classes: Class Cephalopoda (squids), Class Gastropoda (snails), Class Bivalve (clams and oysters) b. Cephalapodshave a few orders, one of which is Octopoda (octopus) and and another is Teuthida (squids) c. The scientific name for the common octopus is Octopus vulgaris. d. The scientific name for the common european squid is Loligo vulgaris

  16. Dichotomous key A tool used to determine the identity of an organism • a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)…….go to 2 • b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton…….go to 3 • a. Body is round shape…… • b. Body is elongated…… Lady bug Grasshopper Housefly • a. Wings point toward the back……… • b. Wings point toward the sides….. Go to 4 • a. Wings are large and broad……. • b. Wings are long and thin…... Butterfly Dragonfly

  17. EXAMPLE OF A DICHOTOMOUS KEY MONEY TAXONOMIC KEY 1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5 2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3 3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel. 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4 4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter

  18. DICOTOMOUS KEY 1. a. Needle leaves go to 2 b. Non-needle leaves go to 3 2. a. Needles are clustered Pine b. Needles are in singlets Spruce 3. a. Simple leaves (single leaf) go to 4 b. Compound leaves (made of “leaflets”) go to 7 4. a. Smooth edged go to 5 b. Jagged edge go to 6 5. a. Leaf edge is smooth Magnolia b. Leaf edge is lobed White Oak 6. a. Leaf edge is small and tooth-like Elm b. Leaf edge is large and thorny Holly 7. a. Leaflets are attached at one single point Chestnut b. Leaflets are attached at multiple points Walnut _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

  19. Considering the levels of classification, explain which organisms share the most traits in common? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Considering the levels of classification, explain which organisms are most closely related. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  20. DO YOU HAVE “CLASS”? What are 2 reasons we classify things? Who was the person who named organisms with a two-part naming system? On what one aspect was the second classification system based? What is the Latin term we use in our naming system to classify/identify organisms? What are the 7 groups of classification, (from largest to smallest)? Which group is the most broad? The most specific? What two groups make up the scientific names of all organisms? *For order / To find things more easily *To show how things are similar Carolus Linnaeus Specific Traits Binomial Nomenclature Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species *Kingdom *Species Genus and species

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