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Taxonomy

Taxonomy. Environmental Ed. 1. Taxonomy. The science of naming and classifying organisms. Linnaean taxonomy. Named after Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus Classifies organisms based on their physical and structural similarities Uses Binomial Nomenclature. Binomial Nomenclature.

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Taxonomy

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  1. Taxonomy Environmental Ed. 1

  2. Taxonomy • The science of naming and classifying organisms.

  3. Linnaean taxonomy • Named after Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus • Classifies organisms based on their physical and structural similarities • Uses Binomial Nomenclature

  4. Binomial Nomenclature • System that gives each species a two-part scientific name using Latin words. • First part: genus • Second part: species • Ex: Puma concolor

  5. Common name: mountain lion, cougar, puma • Scientific name: Puma Concolor

  6. Linnaeus’ Classification System Has 7 Levels • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  7. Linnaean Classification System

  8. If two species belong to the same order, what other levels in the Linnaean system must they have in common? • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  9. If two species belong to the same order, what other levels in the Linnaean system must they have in common? • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • ANSWER: Kingdom, Phylum, Class

  10. What limitations may the Linnaean system have? • This system focuses on physical similarities alone • Before technology allowed us to study organisms at the molecular level. • Does not account for similarities that evolved through convergent evolution.

  11. EX: the Red Panda which is more closely related to raccoons than Giant Panda’s.

  12. Cladistics • Classification based on common ancestry • Uses evidence from living species, the fossil record, and molecular data • Phylogeny: evolutionary history for a group of species.

  13. Cladogram • An evolutionary tree that proposes how species may be related to each other through common ancestors.

  14. Animal Diversity

  15. Each animal Phylum has a unique body plan • Animals are grouped using a variety of criteria • A comparison of structure and genetics reveals the evolutionary history of animals.

  16. Vertebrates • An animal with an internal segmented backbone • Most obvious animals around us • Make up less than 5% of all known animal species

  17. Invertebrates • Animals without a backbone • Most are not closely related to each other

  18. Phylum Chordata • Contains all vertebrates and some invertebrates • Vertebrates: large, active animals that have a well-developed brain encased in a hard skull. • Tunicates: urochordates, including both free-swimming and sessile animals such as sea squirts. • Lancelets: cephalochordates, small eel-like animals that are commonly found in shallow tropical oceans.

  19. Tunicates

  20. Lancelets

  21. Chordates share 4 common features- at some stage of development • Notochord: flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the animal’s back. • Hollow nerve chord: runs along the animal’s back • Pharyngeal slits: through the body wall in the pharynx. Water can enter the mouth and leave without passing through the entire digestive system. • Tail: contains segments of muscle tissue used for movement.

  22. Endoskeleton • An internal skeleton built of bone or cartilage

  23. Vertebrate Classes • Agnatha • Chondrichthyes • Osteichthyes • Amphibia • Reptilia • Aves • Mammalia

  24. Class Agnatha • Oldest class of vertebrates • Jawless animals • Include lampreys, a type of fish

  25. Class Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous fish • Animals include sharks, rays and chimeras

  26. Bony Fish Have skeletons made of bone Class Osteichthyes

  27. First vertebrates adapted to live both in water and on land Include salamanders, frogs, toads, and caecilians Class Amphibia

  28. Able to retain moisture, lets them live exclusively on land. Produce eggs Include snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators, and turtles Class Reptilia

  29. Birds Presence of feathers Class Aves

  30. Class Mammalia • Animals that have hair, mammary glands, and three middle ear bones.

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