Taxonomy

1. Taxonomy Chapter 16

2. Classifying • Taxonomy: The science of classifying • Classify: to group ideas, information, or objects based on similarities. • Name places you been to that have classified things

3. Early History of Classification • Aristotle developed a system to classify living things. • Thought all living things could be either Plant or Animal kingdom • Kingdom: The first and largest category

4. His problem though… • Grouped them according to physical traits • Then used things like: lived, blood, reproduced, wing types • But there were too many exceptions • Ex: Frogs

5. Another problem develops • Sometimes, an organism has a different name in each country it lived in • Or even in the same country • Examples:

6. A new system emerges… Scientific Naming • To counter that problem scientists gave organisms names that described them in great detail • Example: Spearmint plant • Scientific name: Menthafloribusspicatis, foliisablongisserratis • Good thing the next guy came along…

7. Carl Linnaeus and Binomial Nomenclature • Carl Linnaeus: Swedish scientist who created a simpler, unique way to name organisms • Binomial nomenclature: gives a two-word name to every organism • Binomial means “two names” • Much like a first and last name

8. What’s in a name? • The first word of an organism’s name is the genus • Genus: a group of different organisms that have similar characteristics. • The second word is the species group • Species: the smallest, most precise classification category • Organisms in the same species can mate an produce fertile offspring

9. Soy Carp

10. Example of how it works • Canisfamilaris: The domesticated dog • The first word(the genus) is always capitalized while the second word(the species) is always lowercased. • Both names are written in either italics or underlined

11. It uses Latin because when he developed it, Latin was used by educated people • Today, Latin is used internationally because a lot of languages are based on Latin roots • In this system no two organisms have the same name. • This way everyone can know the difference between a dogCanisfamilaris and a gray wolf, Canis lupus

12. Modern Classification • Linnaeus and Aristotle both developed their systems based on physical characteristics • Today, we can classify beyond that using DNA and cell structure. • They also study fossils, they examine and compare ancestors to existing organisms.

13. Phylogeny • From this new information, we create their phylogeny • Phylogeny: its evolutionary history or how it changed over time. • Phylogeny tells scientists who the ancestors of an organism were

14. Six Kingdoms • Classification system used today separates organisms into six kingdoms • Animal • Plant • Fungi • Protists • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria

15. Groups within a Kingdom • Every organism is placed into a kingdom • After that into a Phylum • Each phylum is separated into Classes • Classes are separated into Orders • Orders are separated into Families • Families separated into Genus • A genus separated into a Species

17. Assignment: Design an Mnemonic Acronym • King Kingdom • Paul Phylum • Cried Class • Out Order • For Family • Good Genus • Soup Species

18. Common Names and Scientific Names

19. Functions of Scientific Names

20. Dichotomous Keys • Dichotomous Key: a detailed list of characteristics used to identify organisms and included scientific names • Keys are arranged in steps with two descriptive statements at each step • You keep answering questions until you get to the scientific name of your organism • You must always start at the beginning of the key