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Population II: Migration

Population II: Migration. Types of migration. Emigration (from) or immigration (to). Voluntary or involuntary (forced). International (between countries) or internal (within a country). Documented or undocumented. Migration flows. Push factors. Violence (war or high crime).

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Population II: Migration

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  1. Population II: Migration

  2. Types of migration • Emigration (from) or immigration (to) • Voluntary or involuntary (forced) • International (between countries) or internal (within a country). • Documented or undocumented

  3. Migration flows

  4. Push factors • Violence (war or high crime) • Poor economy • Ethnic or religious persecution • Degraded resources or poor weather

  5. Pull factors • Peace (or more security) • Economic opportunities/ good services • Freedom of expression • Better sense of place or weather

  6. Intervening obstacles • Restrictions on immigration • Bias against immigrants • Distance and lack of money • Cultural unfamiliarity

  7. VOLUNTARY MIGRATION • Gross migration • Total number of migrants • Net migration • Gain or loss as result of migration

  8. Chain migration • Family/friends write home, attract new immigrants • Family reunifications • “Secondary migration” to new home in adopted country

  9. Mexican “braceros” in U.S., 1950s “Guest workers” • Temporary employment • Send money home • Kids become citizens? Turks in Germany, 1980s Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong, 1990s

  10. “Brain Drain” • Educated, skilled migrate for better jobs • Wealthy, educated country gains • Poor country loses skilled people

  11. REFUGEES(involuntary) • Flee war or persecution • International or internal • Many move to temporary camps • Apply for “asylum” (safe haven)

  12. Main sources of refugees

  13. Highlands in Laos Laos Thailand Hmong refugeesfrom Laos Mekong River (border) Refugee camp in Thailand

  14. HmongrefugeesfromLaosMany nowin Calif.,Minn., Wis.

  15. “Ethnic cleansing” Forced removal of an ethnic group Term from breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990s Serbs expelled from Krajina (Croatia), 1995 Albanians expelled from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999

  16. Afghan refugees

  17. Migration and the U.S.

  18. International / Involuntary : Transatlantic Slave Trade

  19. Diaspora A group scattered globally by large- scale migration Jewish Diaspora African Diaspora Chinese Diaspora Palestinian Diaspora

  20. Internal / Involuntary: Indian Removal west of Mississippi River

  21. Waves of immigration, 1840s-1930s

  22. Annual Immigration to the U.S. by Region of Origin

  23. Origins and Destinations of Recent Immigrants

  24. Immigration Patterns from Asia

  25. Riot against Chinese in Denver, 1880 Anti-immigrant movements Signs against Japanese in California, 1930s

  26. Anti-immigrant arguments • Immigrants “take jobs” and drain services • Yet mainly “low-end” jobs • Immigrants “threaten” culture/language • Argument sees diversity as negative • Anti-immigrant movements affect elections • Austria, France, Denmark, California, etc.

  27. Undocumented immigrants more likely than U.S. citizens to… • Be employed • Work longer hours • Be free from assistance • Contribute to federal taxes through payroll • Drain state social services • Federal gov’t should compensate states?

  28. Immigration Patterns from Latin America

  29. Economic migrants or refugees? Cubans had preferred status because they left a Communist country Mariel Boatlift from Cuba, 1980s Boat people from Haiti, 1990s

  30. Who came to whom? U.S. annexed northern Mexico in 1848

  31. Internal migration within U.S.

  32. Shifting Center of U.S. Population, 1790 - 1990

  33. Rural-to-urban shift (Voluntary/internal)

  34. The Great Migration African Americans moving from South to North to work in war industries

  35. Shift to Sunbelt and West, late 20th century

  36. U.S. Interregional Migration (annual average in 1000s during 1990s)

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