Science is both a body of knowledge and a way of thinking

1. What is Science?http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/chapter-9-the-scientific-method-made-easy/10C942AE37072D023B3810C942AE37072D023B38 • Science is both a body of knowledge and a way of thinking • Scienceacquires knowledgethroughthe5 sensesor instruments that go beyond the senses • Sciences looks for patterns and connections between events in the natural world not the supernatural. • Science proposes explanations that can be tested • Science is subject to repeated testing and review and can never proved beyond all doubt

2. Science as a Process Scientific Method- organizational approach to solving problems Nothing more than a problem solving strategy Conclusions are reached through careful examination of observable evidence Evidence must be objective (measurable)

3. Flowchart Section 1-2 The Scientific Method Problem/question defined by observation Form a Hypothesis- “the prediction” Draw a Conclusion Set Up a Controlled Experiment Accept or Reject hypothesis Record and Analyze Results(data) Experiment repeated and reviewed by peers Revise/Modify Hypothesis Publication into a Theory

4. Observation -the first step in any problem solving strategy -Process of gathering data using the 5 senses -Observation may involve collecting data, posing a question, or defining a problem Inference (prediction) -hunch or premis based on observation, prior knowledge or experiences -Creative imagination Scientific thinking begins with Observation and Inference

5. Ohh… This liquid is green and it is leaking from a brown can. I also smell it. Observation Observation: when studying something describe only facts that you can see, touch, smell and hear. You are not making any guesses. THIS IS NOT AN OPINION!!

6. Based on my observations, I think that this can is old and is leaking a toxic substance. Inference Inference: using your observations to make a guess about an object or an outcome THIS CAN BE A SCIENTIFIC OPINION

7. Science as a way of thinkinghttp://webpages.charter.net/kwingerden/erhs/aquarium/processs.htm#Observing&CollectingData • Information gained through observation is known as data • Collecting data (information from observation) • Two kinds: - Quantitative data - Qualitative data

8. Quantitative Data • Must be measurable (#’s)

9. Qualitative data • Observable but not measurable with #’s

10. Check your Progress If Sarah measures the height of her bean plant, she is gathering _________data. A qualitative B quantitative C observational D interpretive

11. Step 2: Forming a Hypothesis • Hypothesis- inferences or statement that explains observations and data. • Can be inference (guess) based on prior knowledge, experience, or observation. • Can be creative imagination • It must be Testable (Falsifiable) • Can never be proven true beyond all doubt. • Usually written in If /Then statement

12. Check point Which of the following is a valid hypothesis? WHY? A. If my car does not start, then I will call my mom. B. If my car does not start, then I will be late for school. C. If my car does not start, then I must be out of gas

13. Observe the following shapes and come up with three observations/rules to identify rectangles If …. Then….

14. Deductive reasoning If…. Then... 90

15. Check your progress Hypothesis: If the amount of calcium intake is increased, then bone strength will increase. Is this a valid hypothesis, and if so, why?

16. Step 3: Experimentation • Experimentation is the process of testing an hypothesis • A Variable is any factor that can change in an experiment. Examples include: Temperature, amount of light, equipment used, and time • The factor being tested is called the Independent Variable or the manipulated variable (what is altered in the experiment). • “Good” experimentation test one and only one variable at a time while all others are kept the same. • A control is based on a comparison of one Group to the experimental Group • A Controlled experiment involves only one changed variable, while keeping all other variables unchanged • The factor being measured or observed in both the control and experimental groups is called the Dependent Variable or responding variable.

17. Check your Progress Hypothesis: If the amount of calcium intake is increased, then bone strength will increase. Which of these is the independent (manipulated) variable for an experiment testing this hypothesis? Experimental group size Length of experiment Calcium intake Bone strength

18. Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation Section 1-2 OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots. PROCEDURE Uncovered jars Covered jars Controlled Variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Several days pass Manipulated Variables: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat Responding Variable: whether maggots appear Maggots appear No maggots appear CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

19. Check your Progress Scientist hypothesized that rice provided greater nutrition to mice than other foods. To test this, they fed three different mice the same portion of food for two weeks, and one mouse the same portion of all three foods for two weeks. The graph at the right shows the results of the experiment . List the variables of this experiment. What is the independent variable in this experiment? What is the dependent variable in this experiment? Is this a controlled experiment, Why or why not?

20. Experimental Data, Analysis of Results and Conclusions • Experimental data should be measurable • Peer review of data is encouraged • Data may lead to new findings or rejection of hypothesis • Multiple data sets and contributions from other investigators is encouraged • Conclusions are subject to change as new evidence becomes available • Conclusions can support, reject, or modify a hypothesis.

21. Hypothesis vs. Theory • Theory- general grouping of related hypothesis that have been subjected to repeated testing/experimentation providing similar results and conclusions about a natural event.

22. The Ten Commandments of Science I Thou shalt base conclusions on evidence II Thou shalt measure objectively, not subjectively III Thou shalt back-up thy statements with evidence IV Thou shalt use large samples numbers V Thou test shalt be blind VI Thou test shalt have controls VII Thou shalt cite thy sources of information VIII Thou sources of information must be reliable verifyable IX Opinions are not fact X Thou shalt not “fudge data”