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Astronomy Final Exam Review: The Answers

Astronomy Final Exam Review: The Answers. Astronomy 2014. 1. What are the wavelengths of the EM Spectrum? List from longest to shortest and give examples. Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays.

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Astronomy Final Exam Review: The Answers

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  1. Astronomy Final Exam Review: The Answers Astronomy 2014

  2. 1. What are the wavelengths of the EM Spectrum? List from longest to shortest and give examples. Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays

  3. 2. How can you remember them in order? ~~~Longest to shortest~~~ R -obert M -ight I -nspect V -ery U -nusual X -tra G -arages

  4. 3. Heat energy is what type of radiation? THERMAL

  5. 4. In what wavelengths of the EM Spectrum does our Sun emit? • Can we see it? Yes, so… Visible • Does it have a temperature? Yes, so… Infrared • Does it give off radiation than burn us? Yes, so… Ultraviolet (UV)

  6. 5. What is the approx. speed of light? 300,000 km/second

  7. 6. Explain spectroscopy and what its used for in astronomy. Spectroscopy: process of obtaining spectra of light and analyzing it Used in astronomy to determine chemical composition, motion, and temperature of objects in space

  8. 7-8. Wave Speed Wavelength x Frequency = Wave speed

  9. 9-11. What is Doppler Shift/Effect? Effect that shifts the wavelengths of objects that are moving toward or away from the observer REDSHIFT: Away from observer = waves “stretched” (lengthened) BLUESHIFT: Toward observer = waves “squished” (shortened) IMPORTANT for determining temperature and speed/direction of an object in space

  10. 12. Line-graph Spectra

  11. 13. ID’ingchem comp from spectra. Be able to match up the lines – one on the test is easy!

  12. 14. Explain the process of time monitoring. Observing an astronomical object over a period of time and recording changes in its brightness

  13. 15. The First Telescopes… • Refracting = Lens, Galileo 1609 • Reflecting = Mirrors, Newton 1672 FOCUS: area inside of a telescope where light comes to a point to create an image FOCUS EYEPIECE LENS

  14. 16-17. Radio Telescopes Main Components: • Radio Antenna • Dish • Receiver Radio telescopes are not affected by weather conditions

  15. 18-19. Light Curve Graphs Diagram that graphs brightness as it relates to time (such as the one to the right) A supernova would look like… A steep “peak” that drops back down quickly over a short time period

  16. 20. Explain the process of interferometry. Series of instruments used to account for error caused by light pollution and turbulence of the Earth’s atmosphere

  17. 21. Hubble Observes in Infrared, Visible, and Ultraviolet

  18. 22-24. Light Pollution, Turbulence, and Ground Based Observation 22. They distort images: light pollution makes sky hazy and turbulence bends light and makes stars “twinkle” 23. Best: rural (desert), Worst: urban (D.C.) 24. They are unaffected by the disrupting factors of light pollution and Earth’s atmosphere.

  19. 25. Space Probes Any mission with an unmanned vehicle that travelled great distances to collect information and send back data

  20. 26. Describe the Giant Impact Theory. • Current, accepted theory for how the Moon formed • A very young Earth was impacted by a Mars-sized object. The impact send debris into space that then orbited Earth and eventually condensed to form the moon

  21. 27. Sea of Tranquility • Type of Feature: Lunar Maria • Significance: Site of Apollo landing

  22. 28. Exosphere Atmosphere of the moon is an exosphere(Thin layer of gas)

  23. 29. Lunar Geology Moon Rocks are: • Igneous • Made of Basalt

  24. 30. How does the moon influence tides on Earth? Gravitational force of Moon causes tides

  25. 31. Water on the moon Yes, at the poles. Discovered by lunar probe recently May have come from comets/other impacts.

  26. 32. Why does the moon turn red in a lunar eclipse? The moon appears red due to the refracting of light waves within Earth’s atmosphere.

  27. 33. Synchronous Rotation We only ever see one side of the moon from Earth because the moon and Earth spin on their axises at the same rate of motion.

  28. 34. Umbra and Penumbra PENUMBRA UMBRA

  29. 35. Eclipse Diagrams Eclipse Type: SOLARWhat’s Happening? The moon passes between the Earth and Sun, and casts its shadow onto Earth Eclipse Type: LUNARWhat’s Happening? The Earth passes between the Moon and Sun, and casts its shadow onto Moon

  30. 36. Our Solar System • 8 planets • Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

  31. 37. Terrestrial Planets • Terrestrial = Earth-like • Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars • Elemental Comp: oxygen and silicon • Dense, rocky, metal core, few/no moons • Mercury and Venus have NO MOONS

  32. 38. Jovian Planets • Jovian = Jupiter-like • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune • Elemental Comp: Hydrogen and Helium • Cold, strong magnetic fields, many moons, fast rotational periods

  33. 39. Dwarf Planets • Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake, Haumea, and Sedna • Different from a regular planets because it has not cleared similarly sized objects from its “neighborhood”

  34. 40. Asteroids Most asteroids (75%) are CARBONACEOUS

  35. 41. TNO’s • Trans-Neptunian Object • Object that crosses in and out of Neptune’s orbit

  36. 42. Kuiper Belt v. Oort Cloud • Kuiper Belt: area of icy objects near the orbit of Neptune where Pluto and Eris are located • Oort Cloud: where comets originate

  37. 43. Reclassification of Pluto Pluto was reclassified because: the discovery of Eris, which is another Kuiper Belt object that larger than Pluto

  38. 44. Ceres Was originally classified as an asteroid, but was reclassified as a dwarf planet

  39. 45. Pluto and Charon Have a binary relationship

  40. 46. Define the unit of measurement AU. 1 AU = Distance from Earth to the Sun

  41. 47. What process is occurring and how is it significant to stars? Nuclear Fusion of Hydrogen + Hydrogen = Helium …releases ENERGY

  42. 48. What is a protostar? An early-stage, still-forming star that has not yet reached sustained nuclear fusion at its core

  43. 49. Jean’s Instability Criteria The maximum mass and length of a cloud of hydrogen gas where it will become unstable and collapse under its own gravity

  44. 50. Star formation for a regular mass star BEGINS IN Nebula THEN Protostar, Main Sequence Star, Red Giant, Planetary Nebula, White Dwarf

  45. 51. Two Life Cycle Paths of Stars DETERMINED BY STAR’S MASS • Regular Mass Star (Main Sequence) • High Mass Star (Super Giant)

  46. 52. Explain the White Dwarf Limit. No white dwarf star can be larger than 1.4MSUN because at larger than this mass, the electrons within the star would be moving at impossibly fast speeds

  47. 53. How does a high-mass star’s life end? SUPERNOVA: the core of a supergiant collapses when it is overwhelmed by pressure that has built up

  48. 54. Main Sequence In the main sequence, a star’s temperature is directly related to brightness

  49. 55. Black Hole Emissions • Stellar (Regular): X-Rays • Supermassive: X-Rays and Gamma Rays

  50. 56. How does temperature relate to color in main sequence stars? • Hottest Stars are BLUE • Coolest Stars are RED

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