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GIS and Place

GIS and Place. Mary Fargher Institute of Education University of London m.fargher@ioe.ac.uk. Presentation Overview. Research Focus & Aims Research Approaches ‘The Literature’ Empirical Study: Exemplar Preliminary Findings Summary Discussion. Research Focus.

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GIS and Place

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  1. GTE 2009 GIS and Place Mary Fargher Institute of Education University of London m.fargher@ioe.ac.uk

  2. Presentation Overview Research Focus & Aims Research Approaches ‘The Literature’ Empirical Study: Exemplar Preliminary Findings Summary Discussion

  3. Research Focus Processes involved in teaching and learning about place …..with GIS Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  4. Place lies at the heart of geography...... Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  5. How does GIS influence how we 'know' place? Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  6. Research Aims To explore this research question: ‘How does GIS influence how students construct knowledge about place? Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  7. subdivided as….. Howdoes GIS influence how students conceptualize place? How do teachers make sense of and mediate GIS in their teaching? How do students make sense of and mediateGIS in their learning? Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  8. Research Approaches Mary Fargher GTE 2009 • Interpretive….focusing on deconstruction of processes involved in :‘GeographyPedagogyTechnology’ • Bricolage (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000) • observe, describe, ask, read, reflect, explain • Transformative….focusing on praxis through which we ‘make the world’ (Lather, 1991)

  9. ‘The Literature’ Theoretical approaches to place Theoretical origins of GIS Critical GIS: A more progressive research agenda? Geo-visualization as the ‘fourth r?’ (Goodchild, 2006) Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  10. Examining theoretical approaches to place Place and space as disputed but central concepts and territories for many geographers( Hubbard et al; 2004) Plurality of approaches (e.g. regional geography, spatial science) Specific elements of each approach Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  11. Mary Fargher GTE 2009 Specific elements of each approach • Era • Essence • Influence • Advocates • Legacy

  12. Mary Fargher GTE 2009 APPROACH ERA ESSENCE INFLUENCES ADVOCATES LEGACY ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM Late 19th/early 20th century INDUCTIVE REASONING DARWINISM Ratzel Semple(1915) Human-environment relationship Geography’s ‘Social Darwinism ?’ ‘Influences of Human Environment’ ( Semple, 1915) REGIONALIST GEOGRAPHY Late19thcentury-Mid-1970s DESCRIPTIVE /IDIOGRAPHIC PLACE CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY EXPLORATION Mackinder (1887) Herbertson (1910) Vidal de la Blache (1921) Davis Systematic regional classification ‘Natural Regions’ ‘Principles of Human Geography’ (Vidal de la Blache, 1921) SPATIAL SCIENCE 1960s/70s - OBJECTIVE SCIENTIFIC QUANTIFICATION OF SPACE MODELLING POSITIVISM EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY STRUCTURALISM Gregory (1963) Chorley (1965) Haggett (1975) Berry (1967) Tobler Abler et al; 1971) Harvey (1969) MacMillan GIS ‘Locational Analysis’ Frontiers in Geographical Teaching’(Chorley& Haggett, 1965) ‘Geography:A Modern Synthesis’ (Haggett, 1975) ‘Remodelling Geography’ (MacMillan, 1989) BEHAVIOURAL GEOGRAPHY 1970s- OBJECTIVE POSITIVIST SCIENTIFIC SPACE SPATIAL SCIENCE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Hagerstrand (1982) Golledge HUMANISM 1970s - SUBJECTIVE PEOPLE-CENTRED PLACES PHENOMENOLOGY EXISTENTIALISM Tuan (1974) Relph (1976) Agnew (1987) Entrikin (1991) Buttimer (1976) Cresswell (2004) ‘Sense of Place’ ‘Placelessness’ ‘Locale’ ‘Place as human experience’ ‘Lived world’ RADICAL GEOGRAPHY 1960S- MARXISM Harvey (1969, 1973) Smith (1971) Peet (1977) Massey (1984) ‘Social Justice and the City’ (Harvey, 1973) ‘Spatial divisions of labour’ Figure 1 THE DIVERSITY OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO PLACE AND SPACE IN GEOGRAPHY

  13. Mary Fargher GTE 2009 RADICAL GEOGRAPHY 1960S- MARXISM Harvey (1969, 1973) Smith (1971) Peet (1977) Massey (1984) ‘Social Justice and the City’ (Harvey, 1973) ‘Spatial divisions of labour’ REALISM 1980s - SPACE & SOCIAL RELATIONS MARXISM Urry (1981) Sayer (1985) Gregory (1985) ‘Locality’ ‘Substantive geographies’ ‘Geographical imaginations’ CRITICAL GEOGRAPHIES POST-STRUCTURALISM MARXISM STRUCTURATION THEORY Harvey Giddens Pred (1987) ‘New Models in Geography’ (Peet & Thrift eds; 1989) (partial) theorizing of ‘Regionalization’ ‘Becoming of a place’ SPACE AS PROCESS POST-STRUCTURALISM Foucault Lefebvre (1991) Soja ( 1996, 1985) Haraway(1991) ‘Situated knowledges’ SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED PLACES SPACES AS RELATIONS NOT STRUCTURES SPACES & PLACES AS OPEN & CONNECTED POSTMODERNISM Soja (1989) Doel (1999) Crang (2000) Thrift (2003) Latham (2003) Massey (2005) ‘Geographies of difference’ ‘Relational analyses of place and space’ ‘Non -representational theory’ ‘Geography of event’

  14. Theoretical origins of GIS Origins – Quantitative revolution of the 1960s & 70s – Geography as a ‘bona fide science?’ (Unwin, 1992) Designed with ‘spatial science in mind’ Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  15. Subsequent criticisms…. Positivist origins – Designed (only?) to locate, identify, predict, problem-solve? Questionable ethics behind the technology- Commercially-orientated, dubious military applications, non-participatory? ‘Ground Truth : The Social Implications of GIS’ (Edited by John Pickles, 1995) Limitations to thinking geographically? Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  16. ‘GIS was by implication, a means of limiting the proliferation of epistemologies in geography.’(Schuurman, 2000, pg. 580) A technology that could quantify but not qualify? Mary Fargher IoE London 2008

  17. Critical GIS: A more 'progressive' research agenda? Fuller analysis of how GIS represents people, space and environments (O’Sullivan, 2006) Participatory GIS (PGIS)- ‘GIS for the people?’ e.g. ‘Worldfish’ (Aceh, Indonesia, post-tsunami) Mary Fargher GTE 2009 

  18. ‘This is not technical knowledge but rather deep knowledge which places cultural values on land and place which is manifested in fuzzy, emotional and holistic terms (McCall and Minang, 2005) and which may not fit neatly into the spatially precise demands of a GIS.’(Dunn, 2007, pg 623) Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  19. Geo-visualization as the fourth ‘r’?* Virtual globes – Google Earth, Worldwind, ArcExplorer, Virtual Earth etc. Multi-source/HolisticGIS – e.g. Koravec on hurricanes (3 years prior to ‘Katrina’) * (Goodchild, 2006) Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  20. Empirical Study: Exemplar Ongoing data collection in school Year 9 students & their teachers Lesson observation & interview Studying Places with GIS - Based around the South Asia tsunami (2004) Using : ArcGIS 9 Google Earth ‘Multi-source/Holistic GIS’ Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  21. ArcGIS 9 Geo-visualization ‘Traditional’ Cartesian GIS Enquiry-based – event as: ‘disaster’, ‘tectonic hazard’, ‘aid role-play’ ‘globally interdependent’ Spatial Analysis via maps, tables, calculations Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  22. Example Using ArcGIS to teach about the South Asia tsunami (2004)............................ *Following images from Dascombe, ESRI Australia (2005) Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  23. Mary Fargher IoE London 2008

  24. Brett Dascombe ESRI Australia 2005

  25. Brett Dascombe ESRI Australia 2005

  26. Google Earth Geo-visualization ‘Fly-to-technology’ Enquiry based – event as ‘disaster’, ‘tectonic hazard’, ‘aid role-play’, ‘globally interdependent’ Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  27. Multi-source/Holistic GIS Geo-visualization (ArcGIS/GE combined) Enquiry based – event as ‘disaster’, ‘tectonic hazard’, ‘aid role-play’, ‘globally interdependent’ Selected social phenomena (Vid/podcast, wiki, flickr, etc; kml-enabled) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/2004_Indonesia_Tsunami.gif Students create ‘My Place’ of 2004 S.Asia tsunami http://apps.develebridge.net/usiotws/15/Grant_WorldFish_FisheriesAquaculture.pdf Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  28. Preliminary Findings How digital GI about place is constructed matters Students respond significantly differently to place when using 'traditional GIS (e.g. ArcGIS) as opposed to virtual globes When students 'construct' their own places in GIS, they appear to develop a deeper knowledge of place which is not solely 'location-orientated' Teachers respond positively to a wider pedagogical discussion about GIS and place Mary Fargher IoE 2009

  29. Research Summary Focus on processes involved inteaching and learning about placeswith GIS ‘GeographyPedagogyTechnology’ Via interpretive approaches Using ‘traditional GIS’, Virtual Globes & Multi-source/Holistic GIS In contribution to a wider critical debate about the role of GIS in schools Mary Fargher IoE 2009

  30. References Dascombe, Brett, (2005)http://gis.esri.com/industries/education/arclessons/ Denzin, Norman K; Lincoln, Yvonna S; Eds. ( (2002) ‘Handbook of Qualitative Research.’ Second Edition.Sage :Thousand Oaks. Dunn, C.E. (2007). ‘Participatory GIS – a people’s GIS?’ Progress in Human Geography 31 No. 5, 616-637 (2007)DOI: 10.1177/0309132507081493 Goodchild (2006) ‘ The Fourth R? Rethinking GIS Education’- ESRI ArcNews http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall06articles/the-fourth-r.html Korevec, N. (2002). ‘GIS Assessment of the Vulnerability of a Core Tourist Area in New Orleans to Impacts of Flood Inundation During a Hurricane Event.’ Trends in Cultural Geography GEOG 7911 Cultural Landscapes, Spring 2002. Lather (1991) ‘Getting Smart: Feminist Research and Pedagogy With/in the Postmodern.’ Routledge : New York O’Sullivan, D. (2006). ‘Geographical Information science : Critical GIS’ Progress in Human Geography , 30, (6). Pickles ed; (1995) ‘Ground truth: The social implications of geographic. information systems.’ Routledge: New York Schuurman, N. (2000). ‘Trouble in the heartland : GIS and its critics in the 1990s’ Progress in Human Geography 24, 4 (569-590) Unwin (1992) ‘The place of geography’ Longman:Harlow. Mary Fargher GTE 2009

  31. Thank you for listening….Any questions? Mary Fargher GTE 2009 m.fargher@ioe.ac.uk

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