Bentley, Chs. 17 & 20

1. Bentley, Chs. 17 & 20

2. Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe • Germanic Kingdoms: initially elected kings to lead them into battle, weirgeld (law code), mead hall • Rise of the Franks: Franks were the strongest Germanic kingdom, (486) Clovis conquered Gaul, converted to Christianity, made an ally with the pope in Rome, founder of the Merovingian dynasty • Merovingian Dynasty: “Mayor of the Palace” emerges as the true power behind the throne (about 700s), Charles Martel @ Battle of Tours stops the advancement of Islam in Europe (732)

3. MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY CLOVIS (r.481-511) By 700s, the Mayor of the Palace held the real power CHARLES MARTEL (714-741) • Charles Martel’s son, Pepin the Short, ends up seizing power from the Merovingian kings b/c he obtains the approval of the pope (helps him out) • Pepin founds the CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY

4. CHARLEMAGNE: (800) Pope Leo III called on C. for help against rebellious nobles in Rome, Frank armies marched south and crushed the rebellion, Reward: C. crowned EMPEROR OF THE ROMANS by the pope (christmas day, 800), SIGNIFICANCE: Christian pope crowning a German king successor to the Romans, revived the ideal of a united Christian community (pope and king), laid the groundwork for power struggles b/w popes and kings, outraged the Byzantine emperor (Irene) b/c it was a slap in the face, helped widen the split b/w east and west; GOVERNMENT: sent out missionaries to convert people to Christianity, appointed powerful nobles to rule the local regions, missi dominici (officials sent out to keep check on nobles, roads, grievances, justice, administer the law); REVIVAL OF LEARNING: revived latin learning, school at Aachen, scholars copied manuscripts CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY PROBLEMS: Difficult to govern large, multi-ethnic and multi-lingual empire; no standard laws or taxation system, Long-distance trade weak; transport and communications very slow and hazardous, Heavy reliance on personal loyalty of nobility and bishops to emperor, Constant expansion of empire required to pay army and aristocracy with loot and land PEPIN, THE SHORT (r.747-768) CHARLEMAGNE (r. 768-814)

5. CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY PEPIN, THE SHORT (r.747-768) CHARLEMAGNE (r. 768-814) LOUIS, THE PIOUS (r. 814-840) LOUIS THE PIOUS: overly religious, wanted to live the life of a monk, end of being controlled by his sons

6. CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY PEPIN, THE SHORT (r.747-768) CHARLEMAGNE (r. 768-814) LOUIS, THE PIOUS (r. 814-840) Lothair I (the German) (840-855) Louis II (843-876) Charles the Bald (843-877) Post-Louis: fighting among three sons, Treaty of Verdun

9. Q: What was going on in the Byzantine Empire during the Merovingian and Carolingian Dynasties?

10. Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe • Germanic Kingdoms: • Rise of the Franks: • Merovingian Dynasty: • Rise of Feudalism: Emerged due to the need of people for protection (invasions by Vikings, Muslims, Magyars), Kings were too weak to maintain law & order, loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords (vassals). In exchange, the vassals pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord, Feudalism is a system of mutual obligations b/w the lord and vassal, The relationship is established by custom, tradition and there is the exchange of pledges (called a feudal contract), Vassal gets—fief (estate w/ peasants, towns, buildings) and protection from the lord, Vassals gives—loyalty, 40 days military service, money payments, adviceDevelopment of a structured society (Everyone had a place, A person could be both a vassal and a lord, Vassal pledged loyalty and service to several lords, Owed first loyalty to a liege lord)

12. Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe • Germanic Kingdoms: • Rise of the Franks: • Merovingian Dynasty: • Rise of Feudalism: • Chivalry: only applied to nobility, placed women on pedestals (contradiction), men trained at higher noble’s castle, women trained at home, purpose of castles was solely defense, when not at war (tournaments for training purposes) • Noblewomen: Eleanor of Aquitaine, power depended upon men, contradiction b/w chivalric portrayal of women and church portrayal of women

13. Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe • Germanic Kingdoms: • Rise of the Franks: • Merovingian Dynasty: • Rise of Feudalism: • Chivalry: • Noblewomen: • The Medieval Church: parish priest, village church (social center, schools, tithe), Benedictine Rule (obedience, poverty, chastity), Venerable Bede (monk, wrote the earliest known history of England, introduced BC & AD), convents (place of escape from society for women, Abbess Hildegard of Bingen, in later Middle Ages there were more restrictions such as no more preaching of the Gospel and no more hearing confession, and too much learning), development of papal supremacy & canon law, use of excommunication and interdict against rulers, Cluniac reforms (early 900s, revival of benedictine rule), (1073) Pope Gregory VII (outlawed marriage for priests, prohibited the selling of church offices (simony), banned lay investiture (kings appoint bishops not the pope), Francis of Assisi (friars that preached poverty, humility, love of God), Dominic (friars that combated heresy by teaching official RC beliefs), Beguines (welcomed women without wealth to enter a regular convent, helped poor, set up hospitals and shelters)

14. Ch 17: Formation of Western Europe • Germanic Kingdoms: • Rise of the Franks: • Merovingian Dynasty: • Rise of Feudalism: • Chivalry: • Noblewomen: • The Medieval Church: • Jews in Europe: Spain became the center of Muslim culture and learning and accepted Jews, served as officials in courts of Muslims, later middle ages persecutions by Christians against Jews (claim that Jews were responsible for death of Jesus, Jews could not own land or practice most occupations, rise of anti-Semitism due to things that could not be explained)

15. Ch 20: • Feudal monarchs had limited power and relied on vassals for military power • Nobility and the church had more power due to ownership over their own courts, collection of their own taxes, had their own armies • In reaction, monarchs tried to centralize their power and take it away from the church and nobility • Expanded the royal domain • Set up a system of royal justice that undermined feudal or church courts • Organized a govt bureaucracy • Developed a system of taxes • Built a standing army • Strengthened ties with the middle class • Townspeople supported royal rulers because they could impose the peace and unity that were needed for trade • Rise of strong monarchs in England, France, & HRE

16. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Takes a vow of chastity (no children, thus no heirs) • 1051promised the throne to William, Duke of Normandy (Edward’s cousin) • 1053Harold (Edward’s brother in law) became principal advisor to Edward • 1064Harold visited William of Normandy and swore an oath to support W’s claim to the throne • 1066Edward died, Harold was chosen as successor “Harold II”, William declared that the throne was promised to him and obtained the blessing from the pope, becomes known as “William the Conqueror” • Norman Conquest • William invaded England, which was undefended wile Harold II was up North (York) putting down a Viking attack • Oct. 1066Battle of Hastings • Harold’s Men: 7,000 peasant foot soldiers, wielded shield, swords, battle axes • William’s Men: 7,000 men with archers, armored knights on horses • Dec. 25, 1066 William I proclaimed king

17. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Norman Conquest • Growth of Royal Power • He granted fiefs to the Church and his Norman lords • Monitored the building of castles • Every vassal had to swear first allegiance to him • 1086, Domesday Book: complete census which listed every castle, field, pigpen, purpose was to help build an efficient system of tax collecting • Overall interested in forming a better administration

18. England William I (r. 1066-1087) Matilda = Robert, Duke of Normandy (d. 1134) William II (r.1087-1100)

19. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Norman Conquest • Growth of Royal Power • William II (r.1087-1100) • Unpopular • Never married • Died in a hunting “accident”

20. England William I (r. 1066-1087) Matilda = Robert, Duke of Normandy (d. 1134) William II (r.1087-1100) Henry I = Matilda (r.1100-1135)

21. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Norman Conquest • Growth of Royal Power • William II (r.1087-1100) • Henry I (r. 1100-1135) • Married to Matilda • Son William died (1120) in a boating accident • Named his daughter, Matilda (sometimes called Maud) as his successor

22. England William I (r. 1066-1087) Matilda = Robert, Duke of Normandy (d. 1134) William II (r.1087-1100) Henry I = Matilda (r.1100-1135) Adela = Stephen, Count of Blois HRE Henry V (d.1125) (1) = Matilda Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (2)= (d.1151) Stephen (r.1135-1154)

23. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Norman Conquest • Growth of Royal Power • William II (r.1087-1100) • Henry I (r. 1100-1135) • Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154) • After Henry I dies, Stephen was proclaimed king by the English nobility • Civil war b/w Stephen and Matilda for 18 years • Compromise • Stephen remained king • Matilda’s son was named as successor

24. England William I (r. 1066-1087) Matilda = Robert, Duke of Normandy (d. 1134) William II (r.1087-1100) Henry I = Matilda (r.1100-1135) Adela = Stephen, Count of Blois HRE Henry V (d.1125) (1) = Matilda Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (2)= (d.1151) Stephen (r.1135-1154) (r. 1154-1189) Henry II=Eleanor of Aquitaine

25. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Norman Conquest • Growth of Royal Power • William II (r.1087-1100) • Henry I (r. 1100-1135) • Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154) • Henry II (r.1154-1189) • Broadened the system of royal justice • Expanded customs into laws • Traveling justices to enforce royal laws • Basis of common law (legal system based on custom and court rulings) • People chose royal courts over courts of nobles or church • Royal courts charged fees (growth in treasury) • An early jury system • Local officials collected a jury • Early juries were the ancestors to today’s grand jury • Later the modern trial jury evolved • Conflicts with the Church

26. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Norman Conquest • Growth of Royal Power • William II (r.1087-1100) • Henry I (r. 1100-1135) • Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154) • Henry II (r.1154-1189) • Broadened the system of royal justice • An early jury system • Conflicts with the Church • H. claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts • Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury opposed H’s claim • Opposed eachother for years • “Will someone not rid me of this priest” • 1170, four knights believed him and murdered Becket in his cathedral • Henry relented • Becket was named a martyr and a saint, site of pilgrimages (Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales)

27. England William I (r. 1066-1087) Matilda = Robert, Duke of Normandy (d. 1134) William II (r.1087-1100) Henry I = Matilda (r.1100-1135) Adela = Stephen, Count of Blois HRE Henry V (d.1125) (1) = Matilda Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (2)= (d.1151) Stephen (r.1135-1154) (r. 1154-1189) Henry II=Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry (d.1183) Richard I Lion Heart (r.1189-1199)

28. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Norman Conquest • Growth of Royal Power • William II (r.1087-1100) • Henry I (r. 1100-1135) • Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154) • Henry II (r.1154-1189) • Richard I Lion Heart (1189-1199) • Elder brother Henry died before succeeding to the throne • Militaristic • Fought in 3rd Crusade and captured (ransomed) • Took money from England to finance Crusades • Brother John & French king was a constant threat while gone

29. England William I (r. 1066-1087) Matilda = Robert, Duke of Normandy (d. 1134) William II (r.1087-1100) Henry I = Matilda (r.1100-1135) Adela = Stephen, Count of Blois HRE Henry V (d.1125) (1) = Matilda Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (2)= (d.1151) Stephen (r.1135-1154) (r. 1154-1189) Henry II=Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry (d.1183) Richard I Lion Heart (r.1189-1199) Geoffrey, Count of Brittany (d.?) John Lackland = Isabella Countess of Glouster (div.1200) (r.1199-1216) Arthur of Brittany (d.1203)

30. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Norman Conquest • Growth of Royal Power • William II (r.1087-1100) • Henry I (r. 1100-1135) • Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154) • Henry II (r.1154-1189) • Richard I Lion Heart (1189-1199) • John Lackland (r.1199-1203) • Elder brother Geoffrey died, but left a son (Arthur) • John killed Arthur (1203) • Troubles • 1205, lost a war with Philip II of France and had to give up Anjou and Normandy • Battled with Innocent III over selecting a new archbishop of Canterbury (excommunicated, England placed under an interdict, agreed that England would be a fief of the papacy and pay a yearly fee to Rome) • Magna Carta (1215) • Barons were rebellious due to oppressive taxes and abuses of power • Forced him to sign the Magna Carta which affirmed a long list of feudal rights • Protected their own privileges and a few clauses recognizing the legal rights of townspeople and the Church • Protection from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, due process, could not raise new taxes without first consulting lords and clergy (eventually Parliament) • Two very important ideas: nobles had certain rights, the monarch must obey the law

31. England William I (r. 1066-1087) Matilda = Robert, Duke of Normandy (d. 1134) William II (r.1087-1100) Henry I = Matilda (r.1100-1135) Adela = Stephen, Count of Blois (r. 1154-1189) Henry II=Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry (d.1183) Richard I Lion Heart (r.1189-1199) Geoffrey, Count of Brittany (d.?) Arthur of Brittany (d.1203) John Lackland (r.1199-1216) = Isabella Countess of Glouster (div.1200) = Isabella of Anglouleme Eleanor of Provence=Henry III (r.1216-1272) Edward I (r.1272-1307)

32. England • Alfred the Great England’s first king (r.871-899) • Edward the Confessor (r.1042-1066) • Norman Conquest • Growth of Royal Power • William II (r.1087-1100) • Henry I (r. 1100-1135) • Matilda & Stephen (r.1135-1154) • Henry II (r.1154-1189) • Richard I Lion Heart (1189-1199) • John Lackland (r.1199-1203) • Henry III (r.1216-1272) • Edward I (r.1272-1307) • Development of Parliament • Great Council was called by kings for advice • 1200s, evolved into Parliament (with common people) • 1295, Edward I summoned P. to approve money for his wars in France • Became known as the model Parliament • Set up the framework for England’s legislature • Evolved into a bicameral legislature (House of Lords and the House of Commons) • w/ the Hundred Years’ War Parliament gained the “power of the purse” • Could insist that the monarch give in to their demands in order to gain the power to tax • It became a check on the monarch’s power

33. France The Capetains Hugh Capet (r.987-996) • was elected to be king • Him and his heirs slowly increased their power • Made the throne hereditary • Added to their lands by playing rival nobles against eachother • Won the support of the Church • Built an effective bureaucracy • Govt officials collected taxes and imposed royal law over the king’s domain • Added to their presitge and gained the backing of the new middle class of townspeople

34. France The Capetains Louis VII (r. 1137-1180) • Married Eleanor of Aquitaine • Was madly in love with her, thus she easily manipulated him • Went on a crusade (2nd) and took E. with him • Afraid she would cheat on him • While in Antioch: rumors of her and her uncle • While in Jerusalem: rumors of her and a Moorish slave • Afterward the marriage was annulled (March 21, 1152) • Eleanor then married Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Anjou (future Henry II of England) • Louis remarried to Alix of Champagne who produced a son

35. France The Capetains Philip II Augustus (r. 1180-1223) • Married @ age 12 to Isabella, daughter of the Count of Hainault • Had a son future Louis VIII • Died in 1190 • In 1193, @ age 25, decided to remarry to Ingeborg, daughter of the King of Denmark • During the marriage ceremony realized he felt no desire for her • So he shut her up in a nunnery and then in several prisons • Fell desperately in love with Agnes of Meran (German Princess) • Married her & committed bigamy and adultery • She produced a son (considered illegitimate) • He was excommunicated, then an interdict was placed on France • So he got rid of Agnes and brought back Ingeborg • Once Ingeborg died, he remarried Agnes

36. France The Capetains Philip II Augustus (r. 1180-1223) • Strengthened royal government • Used paid middleclass officials who would owe their loyalty to him • Granted charters to many new towns • Organized a standing army • Introduced a new national tax • Quadrupled royal land holdings • Trickery, diplomacy, war • Held Richard I for ransom • Took English ruled lands in Normandy, Anjou (John) • Began to take over southern france • His son, Louis VIII married Blanche of Castile, granddaughter to Eleanor of Aquitaine

37. France The Capetains Louis IX (Saint Louis, r. 1226-1270) • Became king @ age 12, mother acted as Regent (Blanche) • 1234, married Margaret of Provence • Margaret resented Blanche • Fought in the Crusades • Louis loved her • Prevented him from abdicating to become a Dominican monk • She had total influence over her husband • He was deeply religious • Persecuted heretics and Jews • Led thousands of French knights in two wars against the Muslims • Impoved royal government • Sent out roving officials to check on local officials • Expanded royal courts • Outlawed private wars • Ended serfdom in his lands • Heard cases himself under a tree in the royal park • Created a strong national feeling among his subjects

38. France The Capetains Louis IX (Saint Louis, r. 1226-1270) Philip III (r. 1270-1285) Philip IV (r. 1285-1314) • Clashes with the Pope • Tried to collect taxes from the clergy • Pope Boniface VIII forbade Philip to tax the clergy without papal consent • Philip threatened to arrest any clergy who did not pay • Philip sent troops to seize Boniface • Boniface escaped but was so traumatized that he died • Philip moved the papal court to Avignon The Estates General • 1302, the Estates General was established • Representatives from all three classes (or estates) • Clergy—pray • Knights—fight • Everyone else—work • Never gained the power of the purse as in England

39. Holy Roman Empire 936, Duke Otto I took the title King of Germany • Appointed bishops in top government jobs • Took an army into Italy to help the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles • 962, Otto was crowned Emperor • His successors took the title Holy Roman Emperor

40. Holy Roman Empire 936, Duke Otto I took the title King of Germany German Emperors • Claimed authority over much of central and eastern Europe as well as parts of France and Italy • Real rulers of these lands were the emperor’s vassals (German princes) • Emperor could not control them

41. Holy Roman Empire Pope Gregory VII (Cluniac Reforms pope) • Determined to make the Church independent of secular rulers • Banned the practice of lay investiture (when the king chooses the bishops) • Gregory believed that only the pope should have the authority to chose bishops not secular rulers HREmperor Henry IV • HRE Henry IV was mad by Gregory’s reforms • Bishops were also vassals to the emperor in their own rights because the emperor granted fiefs to them with their position • German vassals supported the pope as a way to combat Henry

42. Holy Roman Empire 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry and was planning on crowning a new emperor • Henry was forced to make peace due to revolts at home • Jan 1077, stood outside in the snow and begged for Gregory’s forgiveness (G had to give it) • Gregory lifted the excommunication and Henry returned to Germany Concordat of Worms • Struggle over investiture dragged on for almost 50 years • 1122, Concordat of Worms (compromise) • The Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority • The Emperor had the right to invest bishops with fiefs

43. Italy Frederick Barbarossa • HRE Frederick I wanted the wealthy cities of northern Italy • Italian merchants and pope joined forces in the Lombard League and defeated Frederick’s forces @ the battle of Legano • Arranged a marriage between his son Henry and Constance, heiress to Sicily and southern Italy Frederick II • Son of Henry and Constance • Also failed to capture northern Italy Effects on Germany and Italy • German nobles grew independent while Frederick was in Italy • Southern Italy and Sicily were destroyed due to efforts to dislodge Frederick’s heirs

44. The Height of Church Power Pope Innocent III (1198) • Claimed supremacy over all other rulers • Believed it was God, pope, rulers • King John of England (excommunicated, interdict) • Philip II of France (excommunicated, interdict) • Frederick II of HRE (arranged that Frederick would inherit the throne) • 1209, launched the Albigensian Crusade in southern France • Wanted to purify the Church and return to the simple ways of early Christianity • 10s of thousands of people were slaughtered • Papacy was not put under “royal” control until Philip IV of France (beating up Boniface)

45. The Crusades Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for help against the Turks • Purpose of the Crusades was to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks (who were Muslim) • 1095, Council of Clermont: Urban incited the bishops and nobles to action • Pope’s motives • Hope to increase his power in Europe • Hope to heal the schism b/w Roman Catholics & Orthodox Christians • Hope for peace w/I Europe (3rd sons) • Solder’s Motives • Religious zeal “God wills it!” • Full indulgence for their sins • Guaranteed salvation (entry into heaven) • Hope to win land and wealth • Escape troubles at home • Adventure

46. The Crusades 1st Crusade (1096-1099) • No kings • French, Norman, Italian Dukes and Counts • Outcome • Christians captured Edessa & Antioch (1098) • Christians captured Jerusalem (1099) • Massacre of Jews and Muslims living in Jerusalem • More than 70,000 Muslims in the Al-Aqsa Mosque • Jews were burned alive in their synagogue 2nd Crusade (1147-1149) • Kings this time • Louis VII of France, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Conrad III of Germany • Outcome: Muslims captured Edessa and Damascus 3rd Crusade (1189-1192) • Kings of England, France, Germany (Richard the Lion Heart, Philip II) • Outcome • Failed • Compromise between Richard and Saladin • Muslims retained control of Jerusalem • City would be open to Christian pilgrims

47. The Crusades 1st Crusade (1096-1099) 2nd Crusade (1147-1149) 3rd Crusade (1189-1192) 4th Crusade (1204) • Attack against Constantinople • Venetians • Latin rule for 50 years 1291, Muslims overran all the crusader states and recaptured the last Christian outpost at Acre Effects of the Crusades • Religious hatred b/w Europeans and Byzantium • Economic Expansions • Increase of trade • Encouraged growth of a money economy • Increased power for Monarchs • Rulers won new rights to levy taxes to pay for Crusades • Led the crusades which increased their prestige • Papal power was at its height • A wider woldview

48. The Reconquista (Spain) Crusading spirit carried over into Spain Reconquista—campaign to drive Muslims out of Spain 1085, captured the city of Toledo By 1300, controlled the entire Iberian peninsula except for Granada Ferdinand & Isabella • 1469, Spain became unified with the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon • 1492, Granada fell • Determined to bring religious and political unity to Spain • Under Muslim rule—toleration • This was ended • Inquisition—church court to try people of heresy

49. A Time of Crisis Bubonic Plague Avignon Papacy (1305-1378) • 1296, Pope Boniface VIII stated that monarchs could not tax the clergy • 1302, Boniface stated that monarchs are subject to the pope • 1303, King Philip IV of France ordered Boniface’s arrest, imprisonment, death • Election of Pope Clement V (French) • 1309, Clement moved the papal court to Avignon, France • Remained there for 70 years (Babylonian Captivity, Avignon Papacy) • All French popes • Lavish courts • Sucker for $, high culture, luxurious • Critics lashed out • Growth of anti-clergy sentiment

50. A Time of Crisis Bubonic Plague Avignon Papacy (1305-1378) • 1378, Pope Gregory VI returned to Rome on a visit and died there • Italians demand an Italian pope “We want a Roman” during conclave • Cardinals are fearful of a revolt so they elect an Italian (Pope Urban VI) • Urban moved the papal court back to Rome • French cardinals went back to Avignon and claimed that the election of Urban was invalid due to intense pressure to elect and Italian • They hold their own election (Pope Clement VII, French)