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IONIC BOND :

WATER RESOURCE : The potentials in water that contribute advantages or disadvantages to human life and environment (RI constituion 7 2004, Section 1, verse .6 ). Water: polar molecule, one of the atoms posses bigger electronegativity (traction to share electrons) than others. . IONIC BOND :

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IONIC BOND :

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  1. WATER RESOURCE: The potentials in water that contribute advantages or disadvantages to human life and environment(RIconstituion7 2004, Section1, verse.6) Water: polar molecule, one of the atoms posses bigger electronegativity (traction to share electrons) than others. IONIC BOND: THE BOND OCCURS DUE TO AN ATOM ATTRACTS ELECTRON FROM OTHER ATOM (BIGGER ELECTRONEGATIVITY) HYDROGEN BOND: THE BONDS OF MOLECULES BY SHARING WATER - H. THIS BOND OCCURS DUE TO ATTRACTIVE FORCES BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ELECTRIC

  2. ATOM DAN MOLEKUL A T O M MOLECULE MIXED MOLECULE A T O M NUCLEUS PROTON(+) DAN NEUTRON (0) ∑ PROTON = ∑ ELECTRON: NEUTRAL ATOM NUMBER ATOM MASS 1,6 X 10-24G ISOTOPE IF 2 ATOMS OWN SAME NUMBER BUT DIFFER IN NEUTRON 1H PROTON 1, NEUTRON 0 2H PROTON 1, NEUTRON 1 (WATER MASS) 3H PROTON 1, NEUTRON 2 (RADIOACTIVE) ELECTRON (-) ELECTRON MASS 1/800 ATOMMASS

  3. ELECTRON ALWAYS MOVES SURROUNDING NUCLEUS ON A PARTICULAR (ORBIT/SHELL) LINE EACH ORBIT/SHELL CAN ONLY BE OCCUPIED BY SOME ELECTRONS 1ST ORBIT (ORBIT K)CAN BE ONLY OCCUPIED BY 2 ELECTRONS 2ND ORBIT II (ORBIT L) AND SO ON. ……TOnCAN BE OCCUPIED BY 2n2 ELECTRONS THE GREATER THE DISTANCE OF ELECTRON FROM NUCLEUS, POTENTIAL ENERGY INCREASE IF THERE IS AN ADDITIONAL ENERGY SO THAT ELECTRON MOVE OUT FROM THE ORBIT EXCITATED (HIGHER ENERGY) ELEKTRON TEREKSITASI KEMBALI KE ORBIT SEMULA MELEPASKAN ENERGI SEBAGAI PANAS ATAU DITANGKAP OLEH RESEPTOR UNTUK DIGUNAKAN (SEPERTI PD FOTOSINTESIS) SEBAGIAN BESAR ATOM, JUMLAH ELEKTRON KULIT PALING LUAR  8, SEHINGGA TIDAK STABIL MENJADI STABIL BILA BERGANDENGAN (BERIKATAN) DENGAN ATOM LAIN MEMBENTUK MOLEKUL

  4. EXCITATED ELECTRON THAT RETURN TO THE FORMER ORBIT RELEASES ENERGY AS HEAT OR CAUGHT BY RECEPTOR FOR PARTICULAR USAGE. (E.G.: PHOTOSYNTHESIS) TOTAL ELECTRONS IN THE OUTER ORBIT IN MOST OF ATOMS <8, HENCE NOT STABLE WILL BECOME STABLE IF BINDING WITH OTHER ATOM AND FORM A MOLECULE

  5. +1 INERT H Single line electron +3 +8 +9 +9 +6 Li Double lines electron C O F Ne +11 +14 +16 +17 +18 Na Three lines electron Si S Cl Ar MORE REACTIVE IN AN ORGANISM, THE REACTIVE COMPONENTS CALLED AS FREE RADICALS AND VERY DANGER FOR BODY. THOSE COMPONENTS ARE CONTROLLED BY ANTI-OXIDANT SUBSTANCE (CONTAINED IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES)

  6. SINGLE COVALENT BOND

  7. HYDROGEN BOND

  8. WATER MOLECULE • Features of water: • Water Polarity, covalent bond from 2 moles of hydrogen with 1 mol Oxygen (wide V- shape), Oxygen charged with some negatives and Hydrogen charged with some positive. • Water anomaly: attractive forces between polar mollecules (electricity), H that is positive from water molecule pulled by O which is negative from other water molecules, these 2 molecules are fused due to H binding • Each of water molecule forms H bond with maximum of 4 molecules in surrounding

  9. Due to those features, water molecule hence: • Good solvent, all the chemical reactions involve water, because it has positive and negative charges, • Acidity controller (pH) because it contains H+ and OH-, will be acid if we add H+ , and alkaline with OH- addition, • Temperature controller, because water can absorb and release heat during a breaking or forming the H-bond in water

  10. WATER RESOURCES (WR) Water availability on earth: 1386,16 billion km3 (2,5% freshwaterand 0,26% lake, reservoir, river) InIndonesia: Surface water: 758, 61 billion m3 Ground water: 605,55 billion m3 Water for agricultural usages: 94,89 billion m3 (64% of total water demand) Main problems of WR (World Bank, 2001): Low Efficiency Watershed Degradation Discharge fluctuation during Rainy and Dry Season

  11. Water Usage (Shiklomanov, 2000) Global Water Demand Domestic Industry Agriculture

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