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Civilization

Chapter 1. Civilization. Rewind: Neolithic Revolution. Paleolithic Age Ice Age Nomads Hunter/gathers Neolithic Revolution Farming = permanent settlements MORE FOOD = MORE PEOPLE!!!!. The Nomads. Not everyone “permanent” Slash and burn agriculture

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Civilization

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  1. Chapter 1 Civilization

  2. Rewind: Neolithic Revolution • Paleolithic Age • Ice Age • Nomads • Hunter/gathers • Neolithic Revolution • Farming = permanent settlements • MORE FOOD = MORE PEOPLE!!!!

  3. The Nomads • Not everyone “permanent” • Slash and burn agriculture • Farm intensively until soil deplete then move • Tribal bands • Herding peoples • “Barbarians”, “Savages”

  4. Advantages of Agriculture • Improvements • Middle East, China, parts of Africa, and India • Irrigation • Encouraged large settlements • Defense

  5. Catal Huyuk • Neolithic village • Southern Turkey • Founded 7000 B.C.E. • Unusually large • Lots of houses, few windows • Lived on rooftops • Religion • Devoted to Agriculture • Trade • 5500 B.C.E. • Skilled toolmakers and jewelers developed • Government • Ruled over small communities • Cities developed • Kings • Civilization • 3000 B.C.E.

  6. Characteristics of Civilization • From the Latin word City • Five Features • Cities • Job Specialization • Complex Institutions • Record Keeping • Advanced Technology

  7. The Rise of Cities • The main feature of Civilizations are cities. • The word civilization comes from the Latin word for city • A city is not just distinguished by population • Should be a center of trade for a larger area • The first cities arose around river valleys. • The water brought nutrients (silt), to the lands near the river when it flooded, making lands near the river fertile. When farmed properly, fertile lands produced food surpluses, or extra food.

  8. Job Specialization • With food surpluses many people could do other occupations beside farming • Called specialized workers • Example: metal working, weaving, masonry, public entertainers • Scribes • kept account of the material wealth for the ruler and other wealthy people • 1st written language was cuneiform • Developed in Sumer around 3000 B.C.E.

  9. Social Classes • One effect of job specialization was the creation of a hierarchy • Hierarchy: • People became ranked according to their job as societies became bigger • Example: • 1. Priest • 2. Merchants • 3. Artisans • 4. Farmers

  10. Complex Institutions • Government • In order to feed large amounts of people centralized control was necessary • The more people there were, more laws were needed, more taxes, more royal officials (police), government departments • Creation of the first City-States, a political unit consisting of a city and surrounding lands usually lead by one ruler.

  11. Complex Institutions • Religion • Became a formal institution • Temple became center of city life • Early civilizations were polytheistic • they worshiped many gods • The favor of the gods was needed so that their civilization could be successful • Full time priests were employed to make sacrifices to the gods, and chart the heavens for times to plant.

  12. Record Keeping • As civilizations grew, writing was necessary for people to know laws, and keep account of items • Ability to send messages • Keep records • With this a new occupation arose (Scribes) • Tax more efficiently • Make contracts and treaties • More organization • Eventually people began to write for other reasons

  13. Advanced Technology • New tools and techniques emerged as ways to solve problems • Irrigation created to deal with droughts • To ensure order and safety civilizations built roads, bridges, fortified walls, built dams and dikes to hold water. • In complex civilizations arts flourished to give the people a sense of security, civic pride and the power of their civilization. New job of Artisans. • Artisans relied on new technology as well • Potter’s wheel • Creation of Bronze • Around 3000 B.C.E. • Called the “Bronze Age” • k

  14. Four Centers of Civilization • Middle East • Tigris-Euphrates • Egypt • Nile River • Kush • India • Indus River Valley • China • Yellow River Valley

  15. Partner Work • Using the following slide, fill out your chart • Be sure to fully answer the question (Does Sumer meet the criteria of a civilization) on the BACK of your chart • Both charts must be filled out

  16. Civilization? • Ur was one of the earliest cities in Sumer • Located on the banks of the Euphrates River (Southern Iraq) • Characteristics • Agriculture • The people of Ur created irrigation ditches to water their fields in the dry climate • Government officials help plan and direct this public works project • City Life • Ur was a walled city • Majority of people lived within walls • The market and artisans were located within the wall • Such as metal workers • Trade • City dwellers traded for goods using a barter system • Exchange of goods • Religion • The temple was Ur’s most important building (Ziggurat) • Scribes recorded religious rituals on cuneiform tablets

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