Early English Settlements

1. Early English Settlements

2. Sir Walter Raleigh “The Unfortunate” 6 foot tall Englishman who won Queen Elizabeth’s affection Legend says that he took off his cloak so that Queen Elizabeth could cross a puddle without getting wet. Sir Walter Raleigh

3. Sir Walter Raleigh also won favor with Queen Elizabeth I by informing her of a plot to take her throne Coronation portrait of w:en:Elizabeth I of England. Unknown painter, 1558. Public domain image

4. Mary Queen of Scots was the niece of Queen Elizabeth’s father, Henry VIII • Many believed that she was the rightful heir to the throne after Mary I died. • Mary Queen of Scots had made many enemies. • She was a Roman Catholic • She was believed to have been part of a conspiracy that led to the murder of her 2nd husband Mary I of Scotland in captivity, c.1580, unknown artist. Public domain image Mary Queen of Scots

5. The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots by Robert Herdman Because of her unpopularity in Scotland, she went to Queen Elizabeth for help Instead, Elizabeth locked her in the Tower of London for 19 years While there, Mary Queen of Scots is believed to have endorsed a plot to overthrow Queen Elizabeth and install her as Queen When Elizabeth was told of the plot, she ordered her execution (although not enthusiastically) During her execution, she wore a scarlet garment that symbolized Catholic martyrdom… The executioner was not able to sever her head with one blow… it took two chops

6. Interesting fact… After Queen Elizabeth died, James I succeeded her James I was the son of Mary Queen of Scots So… the successor of Elizabeth was the child of a woman she put to death. King James I

7. Raleigh sent out 2 explorers in 1584 who claimed a territory in the area of present day N. Carolina… it was named in Queen Elizabeth’s honor (Virginia). • Later, Raleigh asked Queen Elizabeth to grant him a Charter • She gave him the right to set up a colony in North America • By 1585, he had enough money to send 100 men. • They landed on an island off of present-day North Carolina called Roanoke Walter Raleigh, by Nicholas Hilliard, c.1585.

8. Raleigh himself did not go on the journey. John White, an artist, did go He drew very elaborate pictures of Native Americans and surrounding landscapes Source unknown

9. The colonists searched for gold unsuccessfully • They ran out of food and demanded corn from Indians • Fighting broke out • The men of Roanoke were discouraged and ready to return to England • When Sir Francis Drake arrived with a ship in 1586, all of the settlers returned to England 1585 sketch by john white of Indians at Roanoke Public domain image

10. Raleigh was not discouraged He asked White to return in 1587 White agreed to return to set up a farming community with several women This included his daughter and son-in-law who gave birth to the first English child in the Americas- Virginia Dare Virginia Dare’s Baptism In Roanoke

11. Supplies ran low on Roanoke and White decided to return to England for supplies • He left 117 settlers behind including his daughter and granddaughter • Before leaving, he told the settlers to write their location on a tree or draw a cross if attacked

12. Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796 depicts the battle of Gravelines Public domain image • Unfortunately, White returned as the Spanish Armada attacked • The few months he promised the Roanoke settlers lasted 3 years • Queen Elizabeth wanted all ships available to fight the Spanish

13. Upon White’s return, he fond his fort deserted • houses were empty • vines ran through windows • books were torn from covers • The word CROATOAN was carved on a tree • name of Indian tribe and nearby Island

14. White wanted to investigate, but a storm crept up on the sailors and they demanded to leave White never saw his family Roanoke is still a mystery and is referred to as the “Lost Colony”

15. After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh's life got even more difficult after he was locked in the Tower of London He was implicated in a plot against James I After being released he was rearrested years later for the same crime and executed His distraught wife carried his severed head in a sack for 29 years until her death Public domain image

16. Source: National Park Service Virginia Company of London Seal Public domain image • In 1606, the Virginia Company received a charter from James I to set up a colony in Virginia. • The Virginia Company was a joint stock company • merchants pooled money to form a company • merchants would get stock depending on amount invested… once they had enough capital they’d outfit ships

17. In December 1606, the Virginia Company sent 144 men on 3 ships (Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery ) to Virginia • 40 died during journey • Upon arrival in 1607, they faced many problems including swampy land filled with diseased mosquitoes • Many settlers died

18. Colonists in Jamestown were led by a 13 man council • poor leadership, did not have a “plan” • most colonists spent time searching for gold, neglected crop planting

19. Captain John Smith By the summer of 1608, Jamestown colony was failing. Captain John Smith decided to take charge. Smith was an adventurous young man, who fought against the Turks at age 20. He build a reputation as a bold soldier. He was captured and sold to a Turk. The Turk sent him home to serve his girlfriend, who Smith claimed fell in love with him. She sent him to her brother who promised to train Smith in the Turkish Royal Service. Smith murdered the brother and escaped.

20. Smith had little sympathy for the settlers and became angered by their greed Smith decided to visit some friendly Indians who gave him some food and the grateful settlers made him leader of Jamestown Shortly after, he went into the woods with some friends and were ambushed by Indians Smith was wounded and taken to Powhatan, an Algonquin chief who hated the English Powhatan was impressed by Smith’s composure. It is believed that his 12 year old daughter Pocahontas saved Smith from execution (by bludgeoning) by begging her father to spare his life Pocahontas saving the life of Capt. John Smith. Lithograph by the New Eng. Chromo. Lith. Co., 1870. Library of Congress

21. Smith even succeeded in getting Powhatan to sell the colony food. He instituted strict rules including the famous edict, “He that will not work, shall not eat.”

22. In 1609, John Smith suffered from a serious gunpowder burn and had to return to England. The settlers forgot Smith’s lessons

23. The Starving Time (1609-1610) Settlers began eating dogs, cats, snakes, horses…. Also began using wood from houses for firewood Only 60 people survived the winter

24. Source: US Army National Guard • The Virginia Companysent Lord De Larr Ware to the their colony to improve things • He was not successful • His tactics were brutal • executed a man for stealing a chicken • tied a man to a tree for taking a few cups of oatmeal (man starved to death)

25. Eventually, there were 3 things that did save the Jamestown Colony 1. Tobacco Crops 2. Representative Government 3. Arrival of women

26. TOBACCO in Jamestown- • In 1612, John Rolfe discovered that the Virginia soil was perfect for tobacco • Imported tobacco seeds from West Indies • King James I hated tobacco calling it “a stinking weed” • The Virginia Company was now able to make huge profits Source: unknown

27. In 1619, the first African slaves arrived in Jamestown • About 20 were sold to the English by Dutch sailors • By the late 1600’s, Virginia Plantation owners relied heavily on slave labor

28. In 1619, the Virginia Company sent a governor to Jamestown with orders to consult the settlers on all matters Settlers who were male property owners could vote for burgesses, or representatives The burgesses met in an assem- bly called the House of Burgesses

29. The Virginia House of Burgesses becomes the first representative government in the English colonies Representative government is one in which voters elect representatives to make laws. It was deeply rooted in the ideas of the Magna Carta (1215) in which nobles forced King John I to consult a Great Council of nobles and Church leaders before raising or imposing taxes. It also guaranteed citizens a trial by jury. The Magna Carta held the King accountable and limited his powers. Image from Cassell's History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902 Public domain image

30. The Arrival of Women The Virginia Company decided that they needed to make colonists “more settled” They sent their first shipload of 100 women to Jamestown in 1619 (some went voluntarily, others were convicts) Each man who found a wife was required to pay the Virginia Company 100-150 lbs. of tobacco The presence of women did make life much better, but it was still very tough Women made everything from scratch (food,clothes, medicine)

31. The most famous marriage in the colonies was between John Rolfe and Pocahontas, years before the first large groups of women arrived Pocahontas was kidnapped by settlers shortly after John Smith left Jamestown Pocahontas accepted Christianity (Anglican), was baptized, and changed her name to Rebecca

32. Shortly thereafter, she met John Rolfe and the two fell in love. Both the Governor of Virginia and Powhatan gave their blessing and they were married in 1614. They had their only child, Thomas, in 1615. The wedding of Pocahontas with John Rolf. Lithograph by Joseph Hoover, 1867. Library of Congress

33. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Public domain image In 1616, they traveled to England where Pocahontas was the center of attention and even the King requested a meeting with her Before returning to VA, she contracted small pox and died in 1617

34. Many hoped that the marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas would lead to peace between English settlers and Indians The English scorned the Native Americans’ religion They also began moving onto Indian land The marriage of Pocahontas. Engraving by John C. McRae, 1855, after Henry Brueckner. Library of Congress

35. In 1622, Native Americans from around the Chesapeake Bay attacked and massacred about 350 settlers The settlers responded by attacking, killing and enslaving many Indians When King James heard about the attack, he took management of the colony from the Virginia Company and made Jamestown a royal colony, directly under king’s control Theodore DeBry engraving of March 22, 1622, when Powhatan Indians massacred Jamestown and other Virginian settlers. De Bry's woodcut published 1628 in an account of the New World.

36. Review 2-3 • 1. Why was the Roanoke Colony unsuccessful during the first attempt to colonize it? • What were the major differences between the 1st and 2nd attempt to colonize Roanoke? • Why was John White stranded in England for 3 years? • What words were written on a tree discovered by John White when he returned to Roanoke? • In what year did English settlers arrive in Jamestown? • What edict (rule) was instituted by John Smith that helped save the Jamestown colony? • What were the three events that saved the Jamestown colony? • What man determined that tobacco could be a profitable crop for Jamestown settlers? • What was the Magna Carta? • What is the name of the assembly set up in Virginia that served as home of the first representative government in the Americas? • The marriage of what 2 people provided hope for peace between the native Americans and English settlers? • After Indians massacred 350 settlers in Jamestown, what action did King James take?

37. In1620 another band of 102 settlers set sail from England Many were “Separatists”, or people that wanted to separate from the Church of England because they believed it was still too Catholic They were persecuted terribly in England Fugitives for conscience sake. Leaving the Flemish coast for America. Engraving by J. B. Hunt, 1880, after C. J. Staniland. Library of Congress

38. Being a Separatist was considered a criminal act in England. The group secretly left England for Holland, where they stayed until 1620 Fearing that their children were becoming “too Dutch” they secured a charter to Virginia and left on the Mayflower in 1620 The Mayflower. Engraving published by John A. Lowell, 1905, after Marshall Johnson. Library of Congress

39. After a long, stormy journey across the ocean, the settlers decided to settle near present-day Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Before heading to shore, the Pilgrims drew up the Mayflower Compact in which the men promised to consult each other on laws and work together to create a successful colony The Pilgrims signing the compact on board the Mayflower, Nov. 11th, 1620. Engraving by Gauthier, 1859, after T. H. Matteson. Library of Congress. Public domain image

40. As the colony grew, the men decided to form a representative government They named their colony Plymouth Plymouth Rock, 1620. Engraving by J. Andrews, 1869, after P. F. Rothermel. Library of Congress

41. The first winter in Plymouth was horrible for the settlers. • They arrived in December 1620 and did not have time to build shelters • Most lived in sod houses • Some lived in holes in the ground covered by tents Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, 11th Dec. 1620. Lithograph by N. Currier. Library of Congress

42. Nearly half of the settlers died during the first winter Their strong religious faith kept them in Plymouth despite hardships

43. In the Spring, the Pilgrims were surprised when an Indian named Samoset walked into their village and greeted them in English (learned from explorers along New England Coast) • Many of the • Pilgrims were • initially terrified, • but many spent all • day talking to him

44. Samoset introduced the Pilgrims toMassasoit, the sachem of the Wampanoag Indians They made a peace treaty and even agreed to defend each other against enemies Source: Library of Congress

45. The Indian who helped the Pilgrims the most was a Patuxet tribe member named Tisquantum (Squanto) Squanto had lost his family to disease, so he decided to live with the Pilgrims and teach them how to survive

46. Squanto was captured by English sailors and brought to England • While there, he lived with Sir Ferdinando Gorges who taught him the English language. • After learning English, he became a guide for English sea Captains. During one journey, he was released. • Shortly after, he was captured by another English sailor who brought him to Spain in the hopes of selling him.

47. He was purchased by Spanish friars who promptly freed him but Squanto stayed with them for a few years. He later boarded a ship that took him to England where Sir Ferdinando Gorges helped him return to America. Upon his arrival, he learned from Samoset that his entire tribe had died of small pox in a week’s time

48. Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to plant seeds for corn, beans, and pumpkins. • He also taught them how to fish for eels. • The settlers believed that God had sent Squanto to them. • If not for Squanto, it is likely that most of the Pilgrims would not have survived another year

49. Squanto also taught the Pilgrims how to use manure as fertilizer, different cooking methods, and acted as a guide and interpreter

50. With the help of Squanto, the Pilgrims had a great harvest in 1621 and invited Massasoit and his immediate family to a Thanksgiving Dinner • Massasoit brought 90 braves with him… and there is no evidence that any Indian women attended the Thanksgiving Dinner The First Thanksgiving, after the painting by Jean Louis Gerome Ferris (1863–1930)Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington