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Finding and Using Best Evidence

Finding and Using Best Evidence. Rebecca Payne, MPH Laura Straw, MPH Health Analysis Department Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center. Disclaimer.

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Finding and Using Best Evidence

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  1. Finding and Using Best Evidence Rebecca Payne, MPH Laura Straw, MPH Health Analysis Department Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center

  2. Disclaimer • The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  3. Health Analysis Department • Department within the Population Health Directorate of the Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center, Portsmouth, VA • Highly trained team consisting of: • Epidemiologists • Program Manager • Technical Affairs Officer • Biostatistician • Physician Lead • Navy Tumor Registry Consultant FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  4. Objectives • Define “best evidence” • Describe how one would find best medical evidence • List the hierarchy of strength of evidence • List examples of best evidence in Navy Medicine FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  5. “Evidence-Based…”? • Evidence-based medicine: • “The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”1 • Evidence-based clinical practice: • “Evidence-based clinical practice is an approach to decision making in which the clinician uses the best evidence available, in consultation with the patient, to decide upon the option that suits the patient best” 2 • Evidence-based practice in health care: • Evidence-based health care “takes place when decisions that affect the care of patients are taken with due weight accorded to all valid, relevant information” 3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  6. Levels of Evidence Filtered Information Quality of evidence Unfiltered Information Source: Adapted from http://www.ebmpyramid.org/samples/complicated.html FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  7. Background Info/ Expert Opinion • Quick references • Medscape Reference • 5 Minute Clinical Consult • Textbooks • Internet • Colleagues/experts FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  8. Example: Medscape Reference FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  9. Levels of Evidence Filtered Information Quality of evidence Unfiltered Information Source: Adapted from http://www.ebmpyramid.org/samples/complicated.html FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  10. Unfiltered Information • Reports • Case series: Descriptive study of group with common exposures or outcomes • Case-controlled studies: People with a specific health outcome are matched with people who do not have the outcome to compare if the groups differ with respect to potential causes • Cohort studies: People exposed to a cause or a treatment are compared to those not exposed to determine if they differ with respect to risk of some outcome FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  11. Unfiltered Information • Randomized Controlled Trials • “Gold standard” • Experimental design • Participants are randomly assigned to a control condition or to an experimental condition • Minimizes bias • Drawbacks: Expensive and time consuming FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  12. Unfiltered Information Resources • PubMed • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed • Ovid MEDLINE http://www.ovid.com/site/catalog/DataBase/901.jsp • PsychINFO • www.apa.org/psycinfo/ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  13. Example: PubMed FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  14. Example: PubMed FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  15. Levels of Evidence Filtered Information Quality of evidence Unfiltered Information Source: Adapted from http://www.ebmpyramid.org/samples/complicated.html FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  16. Filtered Evidence • Critically Appraised Individual Articles • Synopsis and evaluation of individual research studies • Critically Appraised Topics • Synthesis and evaluation of multiple research studies FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  17. CAIA Resources • ACP Journal Club • http://acpjc.acponline.org/ • Evidence Updates- from the BMJ Evidence Center • http://plus.mcmaster.ca/evidenceupdates/ • Any “Evidence-Based…” Journal series (i.e. Evidence-Based Nursing) FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  18. CAT Resources • AHRQ National Guideline Clearinghouse http://guideline.gov/index.aspx • Clinical Evidence • http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/x/index.html • Essential Evidence Plus- POEMs • http://www.essentialevidenceplus.com/ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  19. Example: AHRQ National Guideline Clearinghouse FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  20. Example: AHRQ National Guideline Clearinghouse FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  21. CAT Resources • The VHA/ MHS have their own Clinical Practice Guidelines • http://www.healthquality.va.gov/ • VA/DoD Evidence-Based Practice Guideline Work Group (EBPWG) include representatives from all military branches and the VA • EBPWG selects topics based on cost, volume, risk, and feasibility. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  22. Example: VA/DoD CPGs FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  23. Levels of Evidence Filtered Information Quality of evidence Unfiltered Information Source: Adapted from http://www.ebmpyramid.org/samples/complicated.html FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  24. Filtered Information • Systematic Review: • Searching for, recording, analyzing and interpreting the existing evidence 4 • Meta-Analysis: • Applying a statistical formula to measure the effect, size, and • impact of treatment programs 4 • Example From Cochrane: • Exercise or Exercise and Diet for preventing • type 2 diabetes7 • 8 trials, with ~5,000 participants • Conclusion: Exercise and diet can decrease • type 2 diabetes FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  25. Systematic Review Resources • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews • www.cochrane.org • The Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects (DARE) • http://www.ovid.com/site/products/ovidguide/daredb.htm • PUBMED • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?otool=yalelib&dr=citation • Ovid MEDLINE Source: http://www.ebmpyramid.org/samples/complicated.html FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  26. Example: USPSTF • US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) • http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/ • Independent group of prevention and EBM experts that makes recommendations about clinical preventive services FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  27. Example: USPSTF FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  28. Evidence Based Applications and Examples

  29. The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2009OR UptoDate

  30. Restless Leg Syndrome

  31. Cervical Cancer Screening • What is the evidence for routine cervical caner screening in women? • US Preventive Services Task Force Source: Whitlock, E.P., Vesco, K.K., Eder, M., Lin, J., Senger, C., Burda, B., Liquid Based Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Testing to Screen for Cervical Cencer: A Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2011. Vol 155 No 10. p 687-697 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  32. Cervical Cancer, Ctd FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  33. Cervical Cancer, ctd. • Does everyone agree? Source: http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/pdf/guidelines.pdf FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  34. PTSD • What is the best evidence available about treatment for PTSD? • VA/DOD Clinical Practice Guideline: Source: VA/DOD Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Reaction (2010). http://www.healthquality.va.gov/Post_Traumatic_Stress_Disorder_PTSD.asp FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  35. PTSD Cont’d FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  36. PTSD Cont’d • Cochrane Review: PTSD • Psychological and psychosocial interventions • “Some types of psychological treatment (individual trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy/exposure therapy [TFCBT], eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing [EMDR], stress management, and group TFCBT) were effective in the treatment of PTSD, and individual TFCBT and EMDR appeared to be superior to stress management at two to five months. Insufficient evidence was available to determine whether psychological treatment is harmful, but there was greater drop-out in active treatment groups. Caution is needed in interpreting these results because of considerable unexplained heterogeneity, and the potential impact of publication bias” • Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder • “Medication treatments can be effective in treating PTSD, acting to reduce its core symptoms, as well as associated depression and disability. The findings of this review support the status of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as first-line agents in the pharmacotherapy of PTSD, as well as their value in long-term treatment. However, there remain important gaps in the evidence base, and a continued need for more effective agents in the management of PTSD.” • Source: http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/details/collection/1045825/Cochrane-Evidence-Aid-resources-for-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-following-nat.html FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  37. HEDIS • NCQA’s Health Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) • Widely used set of health performance indicators • Desirable attributes for HEDIS measures are: • Relevance • Scientific Soundness –Clinical Evidence! (There should be evidence documenting the link between clinical processes and outcomes that measures address) • Feasibility • Source: HEDIS Technical Specification Manual FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  38. Evidence Applications • In Military Medicine: Population Health Navigator/CarePoint FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  39. Analysis Application • How could we apply best evidence when measuring healthcare? • Look for best evidence: systematic reviews, CPGs, research • Assess evidence • Look for existing measures; if none exist, look for “measurable points” in evidence. • Ensure proposed measure is meaningful and feasible • Develop measure FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  40. Application Example: mTBI Metrics • Wounded, Ill, and Injured (WII) Program: • Navy Medicine effort to monitor and improve the care offered to wounded, ill, and injured service members and their families • mTBI Metrics • TBI Screening: Percent of Coded Head Injury/Trauma Patients Coded as Screened for TBI • Co-Occurring Conditions Screen: Percent of Coded mTBI Patients Coded as Screened for Co-Occurring Conditions • Six Week Follow Up Visit: Percent of Coded mTBI Patients with Follow-Up within Six Weeks

  41. mTBI Metrics Example (cont’d) • Metric Definitions: • The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense (DoD) Concussion and mTBI Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) • Coding Guidance: • Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury (DCoE PH/TBI) • Navy Medicine TBI subject matter experts (SMEs)

  42. mTBI Metrics Example (cont’d) General Coding Guidance & CPG Recommendation

  43. mTBI Metrics (cont’d) CPG Recommendation: “Regardless of the time that has elapsed since injury, management should begin with the patient’s first presentation for treatment,” and head injury cases should be screened for TBI. All Head Injury Cases: 5% Active Duty Only: 7% Not using codes? Not screening for TBI? Actual process different than recommendation?

  44. References • Sackett,D., Richardson, W., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. (1997). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and the EBM. New York:Churchill Livingston. • Muir Gray, J.A. (1997) Evidence-based healthcare: How to make health policy and management decisions. London:Churchill Livingstone. • Hicks, N. (1997). Evidence based healthcare. Bandolier, 4(39),8. • Roberts, A., Yeager, K. (2004). Evidence-Based Practice Manual. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. • Whitlock, E.P., Vesco, K.K., Eder, M., Lin, J., Senger, C., Burda, B. (2011). Liquid Based Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Testing to Screen for Cervical Cencer: A Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine. 155 (10),687-697. • Framingham Heart Study http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/about/history.html • Orozco LJ, Buchleitner AM, Gimenez-Perez G, RoquéiFiguls M, Richter B, Mauricio D. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003054. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003054.pub3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

  45. Navy and Marine Corps Public Health CenterHealth Analysis CAPT Paul Rockswold, MD, MPH Head, Health Analysis P: 757-953-0690 Email: paul.rockswold@med.navy.mil Rebecca Payne, MPH P: 757-953-0620 Email: rebecca.payne.ctr@med.navy.mil Laura Straw, MPH P: 757-953-3776 Email: laura.straw.ctr@med.navy.mil web: http://www-nehc.med.navy.mil/Data_Statistics/Health_Analysis/ha_overview.aspx FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

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