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THE REFORMATION

THE REFORMATION. World History. PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH. EXTRAVAGANCES Art, Pleasures, Wars LOWER CLERGY Illiterate Marrying, Gambling, Drinking RENAISSANCE SPREAD IDEAS Emphasis on the individual, not church Printing Press. MARTIN LUTHER. Catholic Monk Indulgences Selling of pardons

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THE REFORMATION

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  1. THE REFORMATION World History

  2. PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH • EXTRAVAGANCES • Art, Pleasures, Wars • LOWER CLERGY • Illiterate • Marrying, Gambling, Drinking • RENAISSANCE SPREAD IDEAS • Emphasis on the individual, not church • Printing Press

  3. MARTIN LUTHER • Catholic Monk • Indulgences • Selling of pardons • 95 Theses • Formal statements challenging church practices • Word spread throughout Germany, thus beginning the Reformation

  4. MARTIN LUTHER’S IDEAS • Salvation through God’s forgiveness. “Good works” were not needed for salvation • All Church teachings should be based solely on the Bible; Pope & Church traditions were false authorities • All people with faith were equal & do not need priests to interpret the Bible for them

  5. DIET/EDICT OF WORMS • Declared Luther a heretic & outlaw • All his books were to be burned • No one was to feed or shelter him • Returned to Wittenberg a year later to witness the adoption of many of his ideals. • No longer Catholic Reform, now separate religion called “Lutherans”

  6. PROTESTANTS • In 1529, German princes who remained loyal to the Pope, agreed to rise up against Luther • Princes who supported Luther, signed an agreement protesting the uprising; thus coming to be known as “Protestants” • Today, “Protestant” is commonly used to refer to Christians that belong to non-Catholic churches

  7. PEACE OF AUGSBURG • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V won battle against Protestant princes, but couldn’t force them back into the Catholic Church • Met in Augsburg, Germany in 1555 & agreed that each prince would choose the religion for their respective states

  8. REFORMATION IN ENGLAND • Henry VIII, King of England, was a devout Catholic • Needed a male heir, but had a daughter Mary, with wife Catherine of Aragon • Wanted a divorce, but Pope refused, mainly as not to offend Catherine’s nephew Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor)

  9. REFORMATION IN ENGLAND • Henry called the “Reformation Parliament” into session ending the pope’s power in England • Parliament legalized his divorce & he married Anne Boleyn. • 1534, Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy • made the King of England the official head of the church, NOT the Pope

  10. REFORMATION IN ENGLAND • Henry closed all monasteries; seized wealth & lands, increasing his royal power and treasury • Eventually beheaded Anne Boleyn and married four more times • Third wife finally produced a son, Edward

  11. HENRY’S HEIRS TO THRONE • Edward • Rules for 6 years & Protestants gain power • Mary • Restores Catholicism to England, returns rule of the church to the Pope, & kills many Protestants (Bloody Mary) • Elizabeth • Restores Protestantism

  12. ELIZABETHAN AGE • Reformation in England • Sets up a national church, much like the one under Henry VIII. • People were required to attend or pay fine • Parliament declares Elizabeth Head of the Church of England (aka) Anglican Church

  13. ANGLICAN CHURCH • Elizabeth sets up a state church that both moderate Catholics & moderate Protestants can attend • Protestant priests could marry; Catholics kept golden crucifixes & rich robes • Revised Book of Common Prayer

  14. JOHN CALVIN • Born in France • Gave order to the faith Luther had begun (Lutheran) • Published Institutes of the Christian Religionexpressing his beliefs about God, salvation, & human nature.

  15. CALVINISM • Men & women are sinful by nature • Humans cannot earn salvation • God has selected those saved already (“elect”) • Predestination • God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved

  16. CALVINISM SPREADS • Official religion of Scotland • Churches governed by a few elders or “presbyters” eventually leadsto Presbyterian • In France, Calvin’s followers wereHuguenots

  17. PROTESTANT GROUPS • Protestants believed the Bible was the source of all truth and all people should read it to discover those truths • As people interpreted the Bible for themselves, new Protestant groups formed over differences in belief

  18. ANABAPTISTS • “Baptize Again” in Greek • People should only be baptized when they were old enough to declare they wanted to be Christian • Church & state should be separate • Refused to fight in wars • Viewed as radicals & both Catholics & Protestants persecuted them • Mennonites & Amish; later the Quakers & Baptists who split from the Anglican Church

  19. CATHOLIC REFORMATION • Ignatius of Loyola • Wrote Spiritual Exercises, gained many followers • Pope made Ignatius’s followers a religious order called Society of Jesus; more commonly called “Jesuits”

  20. JESUIT’S THREE ACTIVITIES • Founded superb schools throughout Europe • Convert non-Christians to Catholicism by sending out missionaries • Stop Protestantism from spreading • Zeal prevented the spread of Protestantism in Poland & Southern Germany

  21. COUNCIL OF TRENT • Church’s interpretation of Bible was final • Faith & good works needed for salvation; not saved by faith alone as Luther argued • Bible & Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life • Indulgences were valid expressions of faith

  22. REFORMATION EFFECTS • Protestant churches flourished; despite wars and persecutions • Religion no longer united Europe • As the Church’s power declined, monarchs & states gained power paving the way for modern nation-states • Reformers successful revolt against Church authority laid the groundwork for a rejection of Christian belief that occurred in Western culture in later centuries

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