Teacher Notes

1. Teacher Notes • This PPT was revised October 25, 2005. • This PPT introduces scientist/history of DNA, DNA structure and RNA structure. • There is a DNA Structure handout for this PPT. The DNA Scientists portion can be done using the book and review with this PPT.

2. DNA The Structure of DNA

3. Should auld acquaintance be forgot, And Auld Lang Syne!

4. Animal Plant And Auld Lang Syne! Endoplasmic Reticulum: aids in processing carbohydrates, lipids and proteins for export from the cell Nucleus: control body of the cell; contains the genetic material (DNA) Golgi Aparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell Ribosome: site where proteins are made • Name the organelle and give its function. Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Golgi Body Ribosome

5. And Auld Lang Syne! • What is located in the nucleus? What type of organic compound is DNA? What is the monomer of DNA?

6. And Auld Lang Syne! • What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common? They all share a universal genetic code.

7. What is the name of these monomers? To what organic compound group do they belong? H H H H O O C C C C N N H H O O R R H H And Auld Lang Syne! amine group carboxyl group variable R group amine group carboxyl group

8. Threonine Asparagine Arginine Alanine Proline Proline Glycine Glycine And Auld Lang Syne! • What does the chain of amino acids represent? Polypeptide Chain – A Protein

9. History of Heredity Why am I so gorgeous?

10. Gregor Mendel • Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation. But, I haven’t figured out how this happens

11. Frederick Griffith • Griffith was working on a vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae • He worked with 2 strains of the bacteria: • Smooth capsule that causes disease • Rough capsule that does not cause disease

12. Frederick Griffith • He added these bacteria strains, some dead and some living, to lab rats. • These are his results:

13. Live Smooth Bacteria Live Rough Bacteria Dead Smooth Bacteria Live R+ dead S Bacteria Frederick Griffith

14. Griffith Proved: • That somehow the dead bacteria have passed their disease-causing substance to the harmless, living bacteria. • Griffith discovered a factor that could transform harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria

15. DNA What was this substance called?

16. Oswald Avery • Avery’s team determined that genes are composed of DNA

17. A T A A T A T A A A T T T T C C G C G G Erwin Chargaff • Chargoff discovered that DNA has the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. A = T and G = C

18. Rosalind Franklin &Maurice Wilkins • Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.

19. Watson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA. They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Rosalind had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously. Watson and Crick

20. DNA is a Nucleic Acid • What is a nucleic acid? • Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.

21. Nucleic acids contain C, H, N, O, P Are made up of nucleotide monomers Store genetic information Help make proteins Examples: DNA & RNA nitrogen base sugar phosphate Auld Lang Syne! DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

22. For what does DNA stand? What is the monomer for nucleic acids? What is the structure of this monomer? PO4 (the 5’ end) N base 5 The numbers are the positions of the carbons on the sugar. 4 1 Sugar Sugar 3 2 (the 3’ end) DNA Structure phosphate sugar nucleotide nitrogen base PO4 N base DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

23. 3. 1. 2. 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base 1. Phosphate Group 3. 1. O 2. H3 C O O O P C C H2 C O O C N H H C H H C N C H C C H O H O H O A NUCLEOTIDE 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar(Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base Nucleotides, too

24. G A N base T C Nucleotides • There are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides. Adenine Purines Guanine Thymine Pyrimidines Cytosine

25. Adenine always bonds with thymine. Adenine (A) to Thymine (T) Guanine always bonds with Cytosine. Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C) Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules T A The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds C G

26. Pairing DNA Nucleotides • What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing? • What is the base pairing rule? • What is a nucleotide? P N-b Nucleotide S C G Rule A A to T A G C to T G

27. 5’End 3’End 3’End 5’End DNA DOUBLE HELIX ladder shaped molecule

28. Purpose of DNA • Why do we have DNA? • DNA contains our genetic codes • For what does it code? • for proteins • What actually makes you look the way you do - DNA or Proteins?

29. RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid DNA must have a “helper” molecule. RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid made up of monomers called nucleotides nitrogen base sugar phosphate What is RNA?

30. B A C RNA Nucleotides • A - Sugar (ribose) • B - Phosphate • C - Nitrogen base nitrogen base sugar phosphate Name the parts of the nucleotide.

31. RNA • Identify the parts of the RNA strand. Nitrogen Base Sugar (ribose) Phosphate Group

32. Cytosine pairs with Guanine Adenine pairs with Uracil Rules for Base Pairing C = G A = U Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine)

33. C = G A = U Rules for Base Pairing 3’ DNA strand C G A U G C T A RNA strand 5’ DNA strand

34. Carries DNA’s message code Helps make protein Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) What is the function of RNA?

35. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √ √

36. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √

37. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √

38. Comparing DNA & RNA √ √ √ √ √ √ √

39. Works Cited