Hazardous Waste Minimization : Recycle and Reuse

1. Hazardous Waste Minimization : Recycle and Reuse Dr. Rakesh Kumar

2. Paradigm Shift in Business Scenario • Competition is Global • Competencies are Global • Technology and Finance will become lesser Issues • Speed gives competitive advantage • Global Outsourcing

3. Business Scenario • Fast changes in structures • Management Technology is within the reach of every one • Knowledge improvements are high • Intelligent Work Force • Growing Customer Expectations • Brands disappearing

4. Changing Business Scenario • Env. Aspect: element of an organization’s activities, products or services that can interact with the environment • Env. Impact: any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization’s activities, products or services Polluter Pays Principle Precautionary Principle

5. THE HAZARDOUS WASTES : (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 1989, (as amended, May, 2003)  (14) “hazardous waste” means any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or substances, and shall include- (a)wastes listed in column (3) of Schedule-1; (b) wastes having constituents listed in Schedule-2 if their concentration is equal to or more than the limit indicated in the said Schedule; and (c) wastes listed in Lists ‘A’ and ‘B’ of Schedule-3 (Part-A) applicable only in case(s) of import or export of hazardous wastes in accordance with rules 12, 13 and 14 if they possess any of the hazardous characteristics listed in Part-B of Schedule 3.

6. Explanation: For the purposes of this clause, - (i) all wastes mentioned in column (3) of Schedule-1 are hazardous wastes irrespective of concentration limits given in Schedule-2 except as otherwise indicated and Schedule-2 shall be applicable only for wastes or waste constituents not covered under column (3) of Schedule-1; (ii) Schedule-3 shall be applicable only in case(s) of import or export;

7. IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION NO. 657 OF 1995 Research Foundation for Science Appellant (s)Technology National Resource Policy Versus Union of India & Anr. Respondent (s) (With SLP (C) No. 16175/1997 & C.A. No. 7660/1997) ORDER October 14, 2003

8. 70.13. (13) RE: National Policy Document on Hazardous Wastes:-  MoEF is directed to either itself or through the CPCB or any other agency draft a policy document on hazardous waste generation and its handling within the country. While examining this aspect the following recommendations of the HPC would be kept in view:  “The policy document should emphasise a commitment to the recycling of wastes an materials, and propose incentives for encouraging and supporting recycling. Industries must be given a clear message that they must show concrete and tangible results as far as prevention and reduction of wastes are concerned. If they do not, they should be made to pay a waste generation tax. The policy document should enunciate a doctrine of partnership between SPCBs, entrepreneur and other stakeholder like the community, which will involve working together on monitoring, preventing and reducing hazardous waste generation. The policy should review further growth of non-ferrous metallic waste, waste oil and used lead acid battery recycling in the SSI sector.”

9. What is Hazardous Waste? • Anything that contains some inherent property that renders it dangerous • Commonly: • Toxic • Corrosive (pH under 2.5, and over 12.5) • Ignitable (flash point <100F) • Listed by As Hazardous

10. Industrial Process Products Raw Materials & Labour Energy Waste heat Waste water Water Money

11. Business Definition of Waste “Anything other than the minimum amount of materials, parts, space, equipment and worker’s time which are absolutely essential to add value to the product.”

12. Changing Scenario Market Products Raw Materials Energy Industry Waste Heat Water Waste Water Beneficiation Plant Money

13. Waste Minimization Improved business practices, procedures, and processes which increase the probability of survival and reduce any type of waste.

14. “By Any Other Name...” • Pollution Prevention • Waste Reduction • Cleaner Production • Source Reduction

15. Tools Environmental Planning Environmental Management System Environmental Audits

16. Environmental Audit A systematic, documented verification process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine whether specified environmental activities, events, conditions, management systems, or information about these matters, conform with audit criteria, and communicating the results of this process to the client.

17. Types of Environmental Audits • Compliance Audits • Environmental Management Audits • Due Diligence Audits • Supplier audits (such as waste contractors) • Programme Audits (such as waste minimization or energy) • Single Issue Audits (such as noise or waste management) • Risk Audit

18. Compliance Audits • Verifying compliance with: • Applicable Regulations • Standards & Guidelines • Corporate Policy and Objectives • Control and Monitoring Procedures • useful precursor for full environmental audits

19. Due Diligence Audits • Typically carried out for prospective buyer or seller of industrial land (particularly mergers, acquisitions and divestitures) • Liabilities discovered by audit can: • reduce properly value • lead to exclusions • cancel deal • Auditors task is to uncover bad practice or discover environmentally damaged areas

20. Supplier Audits • Reviews environmental practices and permits • Confirms that suppliers conform to customers requirements • Ensures that suppliers maintain records and may lead to the adoption of controls which would not ordinarily be implemented

21. Programme Audits • Systematic review of progress and achievements • An audit of a waste minimization programme would: • examine waste generated by a site

22. Programme Audits Cont... • identify viable actions for reuse, recycle, or reductions • make recommendations for prioritized programme • Return audits would confirm whether objectives and targets were achieved

23. Single Issue Audits • Detailed examination of a particular issue • A noise emissions audit could • identify all noise sources • establish whether emissions were in breach of law

24. Waste Reduction Audits: • Question: How can waste be minimized? • Steps in a waste reduction audit: • First: Target individual processes • Second: Analyze processes • Third: Identify reduction alternatives • Fourth: Consider the cost/benefit ratio for each alternative • Fifth: Select the best options

25. Establish Audit Team • Team Leader: Highest Level Possible Broad-based Support • Champion: Visible within Prod. Area Respected and Trusted • Team: Technical/Business Expertise • Environmental Manager Process Engineer • Production Supervisor Line Workers • Purchasing & Accounting Quality Control • Health & Safety R&D • Legal Outside Assistance

26. Collect Pre-Assessment Information • Process Flow & Equipment Layout • Production Information • Information on Raw Materials & Quantity • Environmental & Regulatory Information • Wastes & Costs • Full or Life-cycle Cost • Handling Disposal • Liability Treatment • Lost Raw Materials

27. Process Analysis • Create a simple diagram of the process by talking to process engineers • Follow the process from beginning to end • For each unit operation, identify material inputs, products, and waste products; procedures; schedules; policies; etc. • Obtain quantitative info on materials and costs • Talk to operators: ask questions; explore their ideas for ways to do it differently • Ask why? why? why? why? why?

28. Plant Tour • Monitor Operations • Interview Operators and Supervisors • Document Findings with Notes, Drawings, and Photos • Observe Housekeeping • Assess Organizational Structure and Coordination • Assess Administrative Controls

29. Develop Process Flow Diagram • Show Manufacturing Processes • Show Order & Relationship of Steps • Show Raw Materials & Quantities • Show Wastes & Quantities

30. Brainstorm Waste Reduction Options • Team Process • Collect All Ideas Without Criticism • Use All Resources • Employees • Trade Associations • Vendors • Publications & Trade Journals • Technical Assistance Programs • Consultants

31. Recycling On-site/Off-site Source Reduction Use & Reuse Product Changes Source Control Reclamation Input Material Changes Waste Minimization Techniques Technology Changes Good Operating Practices

32. Inventory Control Good Oper. Practices Employee Training Input Mat’l Substitutions Spill Control Product Changes Process Changes Segregating Waste Streams Technology Changes Equipment Changes Efficient Production Scheduling Source Reduction

33. Evaluate Each Stream for: • Substitution of non toxic materials • Substitution of less toxic materials • Reformulation to eliminate toxics • Modification of production process • Changes in material usage • inventory control • preventive maintenance program

34. Waste Minimization • Source Reduction - Purchasing • Limit the amount you order. • Do not stockpile chemicals. • Rotate stocks to use chemicals before shelf-life expires. • Keep up-to-date inventories and avoid ordering chemicals.

35. Waste Minimization • Source Reduction - Purchasing Do not accept excess chemicals or “free” chemicals. Investigate use of pre-weighed packages from chemical vendors.

36. Waste Minimization • Reclaimation If waste contains precious metals waste stream may be a valuable byproduct. i.e. Silver recovery systems. Consider installation of reclaimer.

37. Waste Minimization Mixed Wastes It is much easier to dispose of individual wastes streams. Do not mix wastes i.e. radioactive, hazardous, nonhazardous or RMW. Do not mix halogenated with non-halogenated solvents. Do not mix solvents with aqueous waste.

38. Technical Feasibility Questions To Be Asked • Is the equipment available commercially? • Are there other successful applications of this equipment similar to yours? • Can the vendor provide referrals that you can contact? • Will product quality be affected? • Is the problem just being shifted to another medium or location?

39. Economic Feasibility • Capital Costs • Purchased Equipment ______ • Materials ______ • Installation ______ • Utility Connections ______ • Engineering ______ • Start-Up and Training ______ • Other Capital Costs ______ • Total Capital Costs ______ • Incremental Annual Operating Costs • Disposal Costs ______ • Raw Material Costs ______ • Other Costs ______ • Operating Cost Savings ______ • Payback Period (in years) ______ • (Total Capital Costs/Annual Net Operating Cost Savings)

40. Include All Costs • Waste Disposal (That’s Obvious) • Cost of Raw Material Replacement • Compliance Costs • Permitting Record keeping • Reporting Monitoring • Insurance • Workman’s Compensation • Potential Liability and Penalties • Less-Tangible Benefits • Example to Industry • Employee Relations

41. Audit Report: • Identification of types & amounts of waste. • Description of the process that generates it. • Amount of waste generated per unit of production. • Estimate of costs for managing waste. • List of technically feasible measures.

42. Audit Report: • Estimate of anticipated waste reduction achievable using technically feasible measures. • Implementation schedule. • Research & Development programs • Estimate of waste transferred to other media. • Facility Waste Reduction Policies. • Description of Training Program.

43. Life Cycle of Waste Reduction Assess Options:: Implement Options: Identify Options: Sustain & Expand Waste Reduction Investigate Opportunities

44. Remember Try your best to integrate environment into business practices Resource efficiency is the route and not goal for environmental compliance

45. Thanks ....