By: Dario Zorrilla

1. Ch.32 Crisis, Realignment, and Dawn of the Post-Cold War World, 1975-1991Section: Technological and Environmental Change By: Dario Zorrilla Corporations distributing air pollution. (http://kassandraproject.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/air-pollution-systems.jpg)

2. S.P.R.I.T.E (S.P.R.) Social • New technological innovations after World War II altered the way people lived, worked, and played. (Bulliet 870) • However, these technologies also brought a loss of rain forest, soil erosion, global warning, air and water pollution which threatened the quality of life and the survival of human societies. (Bulliet 870) Political • Political leaders began warning about the environmental consequences of population growth, industrialization, and pollution. (Bulliet 871) • To solve this more food was to be made and the U.S., European Communities, and Japan passed the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act in the 1970s. (Bulliet 875) • In addition, in the 1980s, many military administrations returned to civilian rule. (Spodek 799) • These would include Peru (1980), Argentina (1983), and Brazil (1989) and in 1990, Chile returned to democracy after the end of Pinochet’s dictatorship. (Spodek 799) • On the other side hemisphere, in 1991, the Soviet Union, being one of the world’s two superpowers, was diminished and dismembered with its communist rule. (Andrea 511) Religion • Religion was not affected greatly by technological and environmental changes but was still widely spread, especially the two main religions Christianity and Muslim in the 20th century. (Bulliet 873) Clean Air Act signing. (http://stlouis.missouri.org/citygov/cda/envplan/lawsign.jpg) Augusto Pinochet, dictator of Chile from 1974 to 1990. (http://digitalhistory.concordia.ca/gtaylor/valle/pinochet_wideweb__470x322,0.jpg)

3. S.P.R.I.T.E. (I.T.E.) Intellectual • Intellectual influences from the U.S. and other European countries helped many other small countries with problems like pollution control. (Bulliet 875) • In addition, they also learned about the consumption of energy with fossil fuels. (Bulliet 873) Technology • Nuclear energy, jet engines, radars, CDs, MP3’s and tape recorders were many of the technologic innovations during these period. (Bulliet 871) • However, the most significant piece of technology left was the computer. (Armstrong 273) • Even though at first they were expensive, large, and slow, in the mid 1980s, desktop computers had replaced typewriters in office work and also altered manufacturing by being able to control and monitor machinery in industries. (Bulliet 871) • In addition, cars were very important in the late 20th century and car companies benefitted by going international and selling their cars all over the world. (Bulliet 871) Economic • Economic expansion was powered by the many technological innovations but also by the population growth. (Bulliet 870) • International economic relations also occurred. In 1994, Mexico joined the U.S. and Canada in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and in 1995, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay established a similar free-trade agreement called MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del Cono Sur) (Spodek 799) • In contrast, population growth and technologies also brought loss of rain forest and deforestations which brought environmental threats such as pollution and global warning all over the world. (Bulliet 875) • Then in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 representatives from around the world negotiated a treaty to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to global warning. (Bulliet 875) One of the first computers. (http://www.edi.lv/bright-spots/computer/dators.jpg) Computer in the 1980’s. (http://infomyth.com/Lore/MicrosoftIsEvil/lore_microsoft_03.jpg)

4. Changes and Continuities Changes • Technological changes include improvements in existing technologies. (Bulliet 871) • Larger and faster trucks, trains, and airplanes cut transportation costs. (Bulliet 871) • Also, the computer replaced many office inventions such as the typewriter. (Bulliet 871) • In addition, during these technological years, the Soviet Union was changed again to Russia. (Andrea 511) • Economic change would include the international relations with different countries such as NAFTA and MERCOSUR. (Spodek 799) Continuities • Even though women got the right to vote in many parts of the world, women were still not fully paid like the male counterpart. (Andrea 274) • Moreover, countries kept making alliances by treaties including trading treaties. (Bulliet 871) • Population growth kept increasing. (Bulliet 873) A 1976 airplane that held 300 seats. (http://www.planelist.net/A300.jpg) NAFTA signing. (http://pro.corbis.com/images/BE085629.jpg)

5. Bibliography • Andrea, Alfred J., and Overfield, James H. The Human Record: Sources of Global History. Fifth Edition. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. • Armstrong, Monty, David Daniel, Alexandra Freer, and Abby Kanarek.Cracking the AP World History Exam. 2008-2009 Edition. New York: Random House, Inc., 2009. • Bulliet, Richard W. Croosley, Pamela Kyle. Headrick, Daniel R. Hirsh, Steven W. Johnson, Lyman L. Northrup, David. The Earth and its Peoples: A Global History Third Edition. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. • Spodek, Howard. The World's History. Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Political cartoon about technological changes. (http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/shr0490l.jpg)