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CHAPTER 9: C ardiovascular Disease

CHAPTER 9: C ardiovascular Disease. Ece Tathan Merve Kültepe. CARD ı OVASCULAR SYSTEM. Heart Arteries (atardamar) Veins (toplardamar). www.byhealth.com/ cardiovascular-system. * Purpose of Cardiovascular System - pump blood throughout body

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CHAPTER 9: C ardiovascular Disease

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  1. CHAPTER 9: Cardiovascular Disease Ece Tathan Merve Kültepe

  2. CARDıOVASCULAR SYSTEM • Heart • Arteries (atardamar) • Veins (toplardamar)

  3. www.byhealth.com/ cardiovascular-system

  4. *Purpose of Cardiovascular System - pump blood throughout body - provide transportation for oxygen and nutrients - disposal of wastes *Integration of systems -cardiovascular -respiratory -digestive -endocrine

  5. http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Body/019852403x.blood-circulation.2.jpghttp://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Body/019852403x.blood-circulation.2.jpg

  6. ARTERIES (atardamar), ARTERIOLES, CAPILLARIES, VEINS (toplardamar)

  7. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES • Coronary Artery Disease • Coronary Heart Disease • Stroke

  8. MyocardIum http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/1097.jpg

  9. STRAIN IN THE HEART • Safe Route: Small scar tissue and no problem • Injury Route: • Atheromatous Plaques Atherosclerosis • Inelasticity Arterisclerosis

  10. ATHEROSCLEROSIS

  11. ARTERISCLEROSIS

  12. Coronary Artery Disease Coronary Heart Disease • Damage to coronary arteries (atherosclerosis, arterisclerosis) • Damage to myocardium (insufficient blood supply)

  13. CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE • blood platelets (pıhtı hücresi) are formed stick to blood clots form plaques fully close the arteries restriction of blood flow Ischemia (iskemi)

  14. Coronary Artery Disease Coronary Heart Disease • Damage to coronary arteries (atherosclerosis, arterisclerosis) • Damage to myocardium (insufficient blood supply)

  15. CORONARY HEART DISEASE • MyocardialInfarction (heartattack) • No bloodflow/no oxygensupplytomyocardiumcausesdeath of myocardialtissue

  16. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION netnewsdaily.com/.../ 04/heart_attack2_full.jpg

  17. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION • Signals for Myocardial Infarction * feeling of weakness, dizziness * nausea * cold sweating * difficulty in breathing * sensation of crushing or squeezing pain in arms, shoulders, jaw or back * rapid loss of consciousness (sometimes alertness through the process)

  18. ANGINA PECTORIS www.heart2hearts.co.uk/ images/angina1.gif

  19. ANGINA PECTORIS • Symptoms * pain in chest * difficulty in breathing • Reasons * exercise * stress

  20. TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES • Bypass surgery • Cardiac rehabilitation

  21. Bypass Surgery

  22. TREATMENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASES • Bypass surgery • Cardiac rehabilitation by psychologists minimize risk factors lessen chances of future attacks

  23. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES • Coronary Artery Disease • Coronary Heart Disease • Stroke

  24. Stroke • Atherosclerosis & Arterisclerosis • Arteries in the neck and brain • Stroke by restriction of blood flow to that area of brain (damage in brain due to lack of oxygen) • Other causes: bubble of air (air embolism) / infection aneurysm____hemorrhagic stroke

  25. Stroke • Damages in neurons- no replacement • Billions of neurons, remaining healthy neurons • Most common cause of stroke: Atherosclerosis

  26. BloodPressure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9124.jpg

  27. SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE

  28. ELEVATIONS OF BLOOD PRESSURE • Normal/adaptive elevations sympathetic nervous system: increase in heart rate constriction of blood vessels blood pressure elevation parasympathetic returns it normal level so no permanent increase.

  29. ELEVATIONS OF BLOOD PRESSURE HYPERTENSION • Best predictor of heart attack and stroke • Can cause eye damage and kidney failure • Primary (essential) Hypertension no cause, related to age, race, weight, sodium intake, tobacco use and lack of exercice • Secondary Hypertension less common, caused by other diseases

  30. HYPERTENSION • People with hypertension cannot diagnose their own blood pressure reliably. • Progression of hypertension elevated systolic pressure with normal/slightly elevated diastolic pressure elevations of both systolic and diastolic pressure

  31. HYPERTENSION • Systolic higher than 200 mm Hg danger!!! rupture in arterial walls, rupture in aorta/cerebral artery • Diastolic higher …vascular damage, damage in organs such as kidneys, liver, pancreas, brain and retina • Underlying cause??? No treatment for basic cause Treatment by drugs or changes in behavior or lifestyle to decrease blood pressure. • Behavioral changes & Health psychologists

  32. MEASURES OF CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION • Blood pressure tests: easy but not enough to detect cardiovascular problems • Measurements of electrical activity in the heart Electrocardiogram (ECG) Stress Test • Angiography Angioplasty

  33. MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE HEART • Electrocardiogram: electrical impulses produced by heartbeat, abnormalities in heartbeat but not reveal plaques in coronary arteries. • Stress test: during exercise to measure heart’s electrical impulses. More useful and sensitive than electrocardiogram. can be used with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, bypass surgery • New techniques: nuclear perfusion technique, echocardiography

  34. ANGIOGRAPHY & CATHETERIZATION • Most definite method of diagnosis of coronary artery disease, used to determine coronary artery disease in angina pectoris, after a positive result from stress test/after myocardial infarction. • Invasive surgical procedures, patients are awake, slight risk of death/injury. • Cardiac catheterization is a treatment process by clot dissolving drugs and inflatable tips. • Angioplasty: balloon tip catheter into blocked arteries, inflating tip to reduce artery blockage. • Catheterization by installing a stent to the artery.

  35. ANGIOPLASTY www.heart2hearts.co.uk/ images/angina1.gif

  36. CATHETERIZATION (STENT) www.memorialcare.org/ medical_services/heart-c..

  37. THE CHANGING RATES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE • From 1920s to 1950s & 1960s…rise in CVD deaths in US • From 1950s &1960s to 2000…decline in CVD deaths in US • 31% of deaths: heart disease, 6.7% of deaths: stroke in US • During 20th Century, rate of deaths due to heart disease changed in men and women. Men died from CVD at younger ages than women… gender gap

  38. REASONS FOR THE DECLINE IN DEATH RATES • Improved emergency coronary care • Changes in lifestyle: smoking less, be aware of blood pressure levels, control serum cholesterol levels, watch weight, follow exercise program • Two studies prompted awareness: Framingham Heart Study & 1964 Surgeon General’s Report • Which factor contributed most to the declining of death rate from heart disease? 50% behavior and lifestyle changes 43% improvements in treatment

  39. HEART DISEASE MORTALITY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD • 30% of all deaths throughout the world • In US, dramatic reductions due to lifestyle changes • In Finland, from 1970s to 1990s CVD rates decreased 70% due to effort to change risk factors • In New Zealand & Australia: 3% decline per year from mid 1980s to mid 1990s • In Soviet Union, increase in CVD in last 10 years • In Eastern part of Europe: 80% of all deaths by CVD, due to lack of social support and stress • Both industrialized and developing, undeveloped countries, CVD is the leading cause of death

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