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The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

The Thirty Years War (1618-1648). 1618-1648. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War. The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. At beginning  Catholics vs. the Protestants. At end  Habsburg power was threatened. Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia. Background.

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The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

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  1. TheThirty Years War (1618-1648)

  2. 1618-1648

  3. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War • The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground. • At beginning  Catholics vs. the Protestants. • At end  Habsburg power was threatened. • Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia

  4. Background • Execution of Jan Hus = Bohemia hotbed of contention b/w Protestants and Catholics. • Protestants outnumbered Catholics in Bohemia • but Protestants fragmented into sects • Catholics forbade Protestants to build churches in towns where churches did not already exist • Ferdinand II was to be the new King of Bohemia and Protestants feared for the worst

  5. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 • Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. • The Bohemians hated him. • Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. • Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 • Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.

  6. The Defenestration of Prague • Protestants mtg w/Catholics in Prague. • Mtg went badly, Protestants seized 2 Catholic officials & tossed them out the window • for kicks: tossed a secretary, too. • Defenestrate: Latin for “window” & means “out the window” • Survived fall b/c landed in dung-heap; Catholics claimed angels saved them • Spark that ignited 30 Years’ War

  7. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 • The Protestants: deposed Ferdinand, King of Bohemia; chose Frederick V to take place • The Catholic forces crushed the Protestants • The defeat and the propaganda had a different effect than intended • Ferdinand II becomes HRE. • Frederick lost lands in the fighting. • The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

  8. Bohemian Phase

  9. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 • Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. • Tried to crush Protestant northern HREmpire. • Edict of Restitution: • Restored to Catholics all lands lost. • Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of religious & political rights.

  10. Danish Phase

  11. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 • France & Sweden now get involved. • Both want to stop Habsburg power. • Sweden led the charge. • Fr provided support. • Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HREmpire. • Swedish advance was stopped. • German princes still feared Ferdinand II.

  12. Swedish Phase

  13. GustavusAdolphus

  14. The French Phase: 1635-1648 • France & Sweden switched roles. • All countries in Europe now participated. • This phase was most destructive! • German towns decimated. • Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted. • 8 mil dead  1/3 of the population [from 21 mil in 1618 to 13.5 mil in 1648] • Caused massive inflation. • Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

  15. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

  16. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Political Provisions: • Ger. princes free from any kind of control by HRE. • Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace. WWII • Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts. Peter the Great • Religious Provisions: • Calvinists would have the same privileges as Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg. • The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

  17. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

  18. 1688-1700

  19. Political Fallout from the 30 Years’ War • Spain lost territory / France gained territory • Fr stood alone as most powerful nation on continent • Fr benefited from fragmentation of the HREmpire & weakening of the Habsburg family influence • Habsburg family remained wealthy and strong, though, and would go on to rule the Austro-Hungarian Empire later

  20. Aftermath in Germ • Germans seemed to win politically & religiously, but lost in other ways • homes, businesses & farms were destroyed • Germ population took a major hit • Millions dead: battle, disease & starvation • Germ pop decreased by as much as 20% according to some sources • Food shortages plagued Germ & worsened the suffering • Inflation crushed Germ econ; • food shortages & rising prices coincided w/ massive influx of gold & silver into Spain • Trade routes in & around Germ virt. disappear

  21. Must Remember • 30 Years War began as war of religion -developed into international war of politics • the war healed no religious wounds • Fr proved that international politics would be more important in the coming centuries than religion • No participant in the 30 Years War possessed a large enough army to knock out its opponents; Louis XIV would learn from this • Because the vast majority of the fighting took place in Germany, the German states suffered more than any other participants

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