The Global Positioning System A Dual-Use Information Utility

1. The Global Positioning SystemA Dual-Use Information Utility June 2001

2. Overview • Policy • Applications • Modernization • Spectrum Issues Affecting Military, Civil and Commercial GPS Use • General Dual Use Issues • Back Up Information on GPS Applications

3. Policy

4. GPS is a Dual-Use System • Cold War spinoff • Developed in 1970s-1980s to support Allied forces • Prominent in Gulf War, Kosovo • After KAL-007, civilians gained free access to Standard Positioning Service • Commercial use now dwarfs military use • GPS policy is managed at a national level by the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)

5. Interagency GPS Executive Board Defense Transportation State Commerce Agriculture Interior NASA Joint Chiefs of Staff Justice

6. United States GPS Policy • Presidential Decision Directive signed in 1996, endorsed by Congress in 1998 • GPS Standard Positioning Service to remain free of direct user fees • U.S. to promote acceptance and use of GPS as a world standard • Selective Availability -- ended May 2000 • IGEB to manage GPS as a national asset

7. United States GPS Policy, cont’d. • Encourage private sector investment in/use of GPS technologies and services • Promote safety and efficiency in transportation and other fields • Promote international cooperation in using GPS for peaceful purposes • Advance scientific and technical capabilities • Strengthen and maintain national security

8. Applications

9. Military • GPS is a recognized NATO standard • GPS is required on all U.S. weapons platforms • GPS -based precision munitions widely used during Gulf War, Kosovo

10. Aviation • GPS approved for en-route navigation • More efficient flight routing leads to fuel savings • Better tracking of aircraft enhances safety • Closer spacing of planes increases airspace capacity • $710M market by 2003

11. Worldwide GPS Revenues By Market Segment

12. Projected Relative Market Share

13. Modernization

14. GPS Modernization Program • Need for upgrades recognized as GPS entered Full Operational Capability • Anti-jam military needs • Better, more reliable civilian service • Recognized growing importance of GPS to both sectors • 1996 Presidential policy and 1998/1999 Vice Presidential announcements committed U.S. to modernization and improvement path • New signals, better service ( no direct user fees) • Selective Availability (SA) discontinued • Over $1 billion added to future U.S. GPS investment

15. C/A P(Y) P(Y) M M C/A C/A P(Y) P(Y) M M C/A C/A P(Y) P(Y) Modernized Signal Evolution Present Signal (Block II/IIA/IIR) 2nd Civil; M-Code Block IIR-M (IOC: 2008; FOC: 2010) 3rd Civil Block IIF (IOC: 2012; FOC 2014) 1176 MHz (L5) 1227 MHz (L2) 1575 MHz (L1)

16. GPS III Program • Procure cost-effective GPS system to meet next generation military and civilian positioning, navigation, and timing needs Space Segment Control Segment User Equipment

17. The GPS III Opportunity • Assess system-wide architectural alternatives to: • Achieve current and long term GPS performance goals • Reduce long term total ownership costs • Capitalize on emerging technologies • Provide flexibility and robustness to meet evolving requirements • Discover military and economic value of pushing to higher performance capabilities • Scope • Military and Civil • Possible augmentation opportunities Ensure best GPS system for the next 30 years

18. GPS III System Architecture and Requirements Definition (SARD) Phase • 12-month study between government and industry • Two contractors (Lockheed Martin, Boeing) • Firm Fixed Price contracts • $16M per contractor • Awarded 8 Nov 00 • Spectrum Astro (participating on company funds) • Near term goals • Build technical requirements set • Illustrate requirements through architectural solutions • Complete Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and cost benefit assessment

19. GPS III SARD Phase Products • Technical Requirements for Development Milestones • Architectures that support Technical Requirements • Life Cycle Cost estimates for each Architecture • Risk Analysis • Draft System Effectiveness and Performance Metrics • Initial Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP) • Acquisition Strategy • Entry/Exit criteria for Development Milestones • Technology Roadmap

20. Spectrum Issues Affecting Commercial and Military Use

21. UWB Technology • Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology uses very short (nanosecond) bursts of energy spread over thousands of megahertz • Potential applications include communications - some are potentially synergistic with GPS • But UWB emissions may cross restricted spectrum bands used by GPS and cause interference

22. UWB Definition • “UWB” describes a number of radio/radar signal types such as: impulse, carrier-free, baseband, time domain and large-relative-bandwidth • Each of these types of electromagnetic energy propagation can be characterized by widely varying signal structure and temporal variations • FCC proposed definition is: any device where the fractional bandwidth is greater than 0.25 or occupies 1.5 GHz or more of spectrum • a signal centered at 4 GHz would be considered "UWB " if its bandwidth were 1 GHz or more • a signal at 1 GHz would qualify as UWB for bandwidths of 250 MHz or more.

23. Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain Time Domain Pulse Train Frequency Domain Continuous Waveform Pulses of energy across wide unregulated spectrum instead of continuous waves confined to assigned regulated spectrum

24. Issues Raised by Unlicensed Releaseof UWB Devices • What controls must be placed on UWB emitters so that they cannot easily jam GPS? • What measures can be taken to limit and control UWB interference to acceptable levels? • How can composite interference in safety-of-life bands be controlled? • What is the quantifiable level of known interference to existing services? Would this raise the noise floor to an unacceptable level?

25. Status of the Rulemaking Process • Initial comment, reply comment, and test data submission period ended on October 30, 00 • NTIA submitted first, non-GPS report on January 18, 01 • Second (GPS) report submitted on March 9, 01 • Third report (GPS addendum) to be submitted no earlier than June • FCC staff has recently stated a desire to issue a R&O in early summer 01

26. Upcoming WRC Issues

27. Agenda Item 1.15 - RNSS Resolutions Resolution 606 – L2 (1215-1300 MHz) • Conduct, as a matter of urgency and in time for WRC-03, the appropriate technical, operational and regulatory studies, including an assessment of the need for a power flux-density limit concerning the operation of radionavigation-satellite service (space-to-Earth) systems in the frequency band 1215‑1300 MHz in order to ensure that the radionavigation-satellite service (space-to-Earth) will not cause harmful interference to the radionavigation and the radiolocation services

28. Agenda Item 1.15 - RNSS Resolutions Resolution 605 – L5 (1164-1215 MHz) • Conduct, as a matter of urgency and in time for WRC-03, the appropriate technical, operational and regulatory studies on the overall compatibility between the radionavigation-satellite service and the aeronautical radionavigation service in the band 960-1215 MHz, including an assessment of the need for an aggregate power flux-density limit, and revision, if necessary, of the provisional pfd limit given in No. S5.328A concerning the operation of radionavigation satellite service (space-to-Earth) systems in the frequency band 1164-1215 MHz

29. Overview of Dual Use

30. Dual Use Positives • Commercial use of GPS now dwarfs military use • Civil agencies actively involved in acquisitions and requirements processes for GPS • Utility of GPS results in widespread interest in and use of GPS, both at home and abroad • Pros -- Brings commercial interests to bear on a large scale, a positive in international venues as well as domestically • Widespread enthusiasm for GPS assists in budgetary processes on a macro scale

31. Dual Use Concerns • Active civil and commercial involvement in GPS can create system management issues • AF must operate a system that serves more than just military utility • Civil aviation augmentations rely on and are built around core system performance • GPS spectrum issues include other civil navigation systems • Perception of US Government management of GPS can cause concerns • Galileo’s civil-only stance a prime example

32. Office of Space Commercialization Report • Overall -- Commercial space market continues to grow, reaching $105 billion in 2002 • GPS -- In 2000, global sales of GPS equipment reached $7.34 billion, with slightly more than half sold by US firms. Recent ending of SA should accelerate the market • Work To Do -- In space launch, US providers captured only 29% of the $5.4 billion market in 2000, down from 49% two years earlier

33. Application Back Up Slides

34. Car Navigation • On-board navigation • Fleet management • Roadside assistance • Stolen vehicle recovery • Enhanced services • Mass market dominated by Japan • Dataquest: Unit sales of chips for car navigation to reach 11.3M in 2001 • $4.7B sales by 2003

35. Consumer/Recreational • Portable receivers for fishermen, hunters, hikers, cyclists, etc. • Recreational facilities -- golf courses, ski resorts • Integration of GPS into cellular phones • E-911 requirement • $3.8B market by 2003

36. Surveying/Mapping/GIS • Sub-centimeter accuracy • 100%-300% savings in time, cost, & labor • Control survey point: $10,000 in 1986; $250 in 1997 • Rural electrification • Telecom tower placement • Pipelines • Oil, gas, and mineral exploration • Flood plain mapping • $3.12B market by 2003

37. Tracking/Machine Control • Package/cargo delivery • Fleet and asset management • Theft recovery • Public safety and services • Farming, mining, and construction equipment • DGPS/RTK required for many applications • $3B market by 2003

38. Public Services • City planning • Transportation infrastructure • Road Billing Network (ROBIN) • Snowplows • Emergency response • Law enforcement • Fire fighting • Search and rescue • Paramedics • Disaster relief

39. Maritime Navigation • GPS-based vessel tracking and traffic management maximizes effectiveness of waterways • Improved safety increases maritime commerce • Maritime DGPS service for enhanced accuracy and safety available in 34 countries • $210M market by 2003

40. Timing • GPS offers an inexpensive alternative to costly, high maintenance timing equipment • Telecommunications network synchronization & management • Phones, pagers, wireless systems • LANs, WANs, Internet • Financial transactions • Electrical power grid management & fault location • Digital signatures for e-commerce • Some estimate the timing market at $40-100M

41. Scientific Research • Monitoring geological change • Glaciers, tectonic plates, earthquakes, volcanoes • Wildlife behavior • Atmospheric modeling • Water vapor content • Oceanic studies • Tidal patterns • Surface mapping • Time transfer

42. Precision Agriculture • Maximize use of resources • Optimized plowing of crop rows • Tailored applications of seeds, fertilizer, water, pesticides • Improved management of land, machinery, personnel, time • Greater crop yields • Net benefit: $5-14 per acre • Minimize environmental impacts • Localized identification and treatment of distressed crops reduces chemical use • Precise leveling of fields prevents fluid runoff

43. Open Pit Mining • Enhanced management of assets, equipment • Progress tracked in real-time, remotely • Improved machine control saves time, lowers maintenance and fuel consumption, prevents accidents • Rapid surveying for drilling blast holes • Smaller, more empowered workforce

44. Space Applications • Improved orbit and attitude control for spacecraft, International Space Station • Space Station return vehicle • Advance Land Observing Satellite uses GPS to calibrate high resolution radar maps • Satellite formation flying • Space launch range safety

45. Construction • Machinery, asset, and personnel management • Rapid surveys for laying foundation piles, etc. • Accident prevention • Remote control of machinery possible • Japanese volcano dam GPS/RTK technology was used in the construction of the Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden