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Today’s quote:

Today’s quote:. "History is the memory of time, the life of the dead and the happiness of the living.". Jamestown. England’s first attempt to settle North America came in 1587. Sir Walter Raleigh establishes Roanoke Settlement

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Today’s quote:

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  1. Today’s quote: "History is the memory of time, the life of the dead and the happiness of the living."

  2. Jamestown

  3. England’s first attemptto settle North America came in 1587 • Sir Walter Raleigh establishesRoanoke Settlement • By 1590, the colony had disappeared, which is why it came to be known as the Lost Colony

  4. The English tried again to establish a colony in 1607. They called it Jamestown. • Jamestown was fundedby a joint-stock company • Joint-stock company = A group of investorswho bought the right to establish New World plantations from King James I. • The company was called the Virginia Company, from which the area around Jamestown took its name.

  5. Unprepared Settlers cause the colony to almost fail • The colony only survived because Captain John Smithimposedharsh martial law. • His mottowas, “He who will not work shall not eat.” • Things got so bad for the colonists that during the starving time(1609 and 1610), some resortedtocannibalism, while others abandonedthe settlement to join Indian tribes

  6. Without the help of a group of local tribes called the Powhatan Confederacy the colony would have failed . • Taught settlers how to farm and fish • In 1614, Pocahontas, the daughter of the chief, married planter John Rolfe, which helped easetensionbetween the natives and the settlers.

  7. Images of Pocahontas

  8. Jamestown is successful once John Rolfe introduced the cash crop of tobacco in 1611 • Tobacco was a huge success in England • Because the crop requires vastacreageand depletesthe soil (and so requiresfarmers to constantly seeknew fields), the prominentrole of tobacco in Virginia’s economy resulted in rapidexpansion.

  9. As new settlements spranguparound Jamestown, the entirearea came to be known as the Chesapeake (named after the bay). That area today is comprisedmostly ofVirginia and Maryland.

  10. The Powhatan hoped that alliancewith the English settlers would give them an advantageover enemy tribes. • The English forgot their debtto the Powhatan as soon as they needed more land to grow tobacco. • After numerousconflicts, the Powhatan Confederacy was eventually destroyed by English “Indian fighters” in 1644.

  11. Indentured Servants Indentured servantsbecame the first means to meet this needfor labor. In return for free passageto Virginia, a laborer worked for 4-7 years in the fields before being grantedfreedom. The Crownrewardedplanters with 50 acresof land for every inhabitantthey brought to the New World.

  12. Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-1750 Naturally, the colony began to expand. This expansion was soon challengedby the Native Americans (particularlythe Powhatan)

  13. American democracy got an early start in the Chesapeake. • In 1619, Virginia established the House of Burgesses, in which any property-holding, white male could vote. • That year also markedthe beginning of slavery in the colonies.

  14. THE MIDDLE COLONIES

  15. The Middle Colonies: New York Pennsylvania New Jersey Delaware

  16. Middle Colonies • What do the Middle Colonies look like? • River systems • Valleys – fertilesoil • ”Bread basket" large farms - surplusfood • diversepopulation • manufacturing • iron mines, glass, shipyards, and paper • Cities: New York and Philadelphia

  17. UrbanPopulation Growth1650 - 1775

  18. New Netherland (becomes New York) is first established by the Dutch • 1609: Henry Hudson sailing for Dutch East India Company sails into Hudson river looking for passage through continent ~ claimsarea for Dutch • “Bought” Manhattan from Indians

  19. English immigration to New Netherland resulted in 1/2 its total population • The English regardedDutch as intruders • New York was a royalgift to James, the King’s brother (akaDuke of York) • Thus, when the English invaded, the leader of the Dutch colony, Peter Stuyvesant, gaveup without a fight. • Allowed to remain, the Dutch made up a large segmentof New York’s population for many years.

  20. New Jersey • James gave 2 friends, LordJohn Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, the section of New York locatedbetween the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1664 • He felt the territory of New York was too large to administer • Both proprietorsallowed religious freedom and an assemblyin addition to giving generousland offersto attractsettlers Lord John Berkeley

  21. Penn's HolyExperiment • Mid-1600s: religious dissentersnamed Quakersarosein England • Hated by authoritiesbecause they refusedto pay taxes to Church of England, refused to take oaths, refused militaryservice

  22. Penn's HolyExperiment • Penn governsthe colony • Advertisedin Europe, promising land & freedoms • Frameof Government (guaranteed elected assembly), Charterof Liberties (freedom of worship, open immigration), fair treatment of Native Americans

  23. Penn’s Treaty with theNative Americans

  24. Penn & Native Americans • Penn attempted to treat Native Americans more fairly than did other colonies. • Penn’s treatment of the Native Americans was so fair that Quakers went to them unarmedand even employedthem as babysitters

  25. Pennsylvania & Neighbors • However, as non-Quaker immigrants came, they were less tolerantof Indians (Scots-Irish) • Liberalfeatures: elected assembly, no tax-supported church, freedom of worship, only 2 capitalcrimes

  26. CHART: THIRTEEN COLONIES Colony/DateGoverned/OwnerPerson ResponsibleWhy Founded

  27. NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

  28. New England • good harbors • small farms and towns • trade centered around harbors • hilly, forested and shallow soil • cities: Boston • 15,000 – 1750 • fishing, lumber and trapping • Family, religion and community Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Connecticut

  29. PURITANS • Pilgrims eventually merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay Colony • Communities well organized • Established towns • Protestant Work Ethic • Family values

  30. Building the Bay Colony • Who could vote in the town government? • In town government, all property-owning males could vote in town meetings • Since the idea of government was to enforceGod’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John Cotton) were very influential • The clergy were barredfromformalpolitical office – early “church/state separation”

  31. Both the Separatistsand the Congregationalistsdid not tolerate religious freedom in their colonies, even though both had experienced and fledreligious persecution - Two major incidentsduring the first half of the 17th century demonstratedPuritan religious intolerance:

  32. (1) Roger Williams • Teacher in the Salem Bay settlement taught a number of controversialprinciples: • Church and state should be separate • Challengedcharter for illegally taking land from Indians • The Puritans banishedWilliams, who subsequently moved to modern-day Rhode Island and foundeda new colony in 1636 (aidedby Indians) • Rhode Island’s charter allowedforthe free exercise of religion, and it did not require voters to be church members

  33. (2) Mistress Anne Hutchinson • Antinomianism = the beliefthat faithand God’s grace – as opposedtothe observanceof morallaw and performanceof good deeds– was sufficeto earn one a placeamongthe “elect.” • Her teachings challenged Puritan beliefs and the authorityof the Puritan clergy • The fact that she was an intelligent, well-educated, and powerful woman in a resolutelypatriarchalsocietyalso turned many against her. • She was tried of heresy, convicted, and banished.

  34. Population of the New England Colonies

  35. CHART: THIRTEEN COLONIES Colony/DatePerson ResponsibleWhy FoundedGoverned/Owner

  36. Growth of the Colonies: 1690

  37. New England SpreadsOut • 1635: Hartford, Connecticut was founded by Dutch/English settlers. • Some Puritans moved westward to Connecticut with Rev. Thomas Hooker • 1639: FundamentalOrders – modern constitution established democratic government • 1641: New Hampshire takenoverby overly aggressiveBay Colony • 1679: Annoyedby greedof Bay Colony, king arbitrarilyseparates it, becomes royal colony

  38. As the population of Mass. grew, settlers began looking for new places to live. • One obviouschoice was the Connecticut Valley, a fertile regionwith lots of accessto the sea (for trade). • The area was already inhabitedby the Pequots, however, who resistedthe English incursions.

  39. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

  40. Chesapeake Colonies • Maryland • Virginia • Still consideredpart of the Southern Colonies

  41. s.colonies • Southern Colonies • Indentured servants • Slaves to work the large plantations • Had fertilesoil • Grew rice, tobacco and cotton • Bigger cities: Charleston, Savannah & Baltimore

  42. CHART: THIRTEEN COLONIES Colony/DateGoverned/OwnerPerson ResponsibleWhy Founded

  43. Between 1649 and 1660, Oliver Cromwellruledas Lord Protectorof England. No King or Queen.Puritans stop coming to New England. • During the Interregnum (literally“between kings”), Puritans had little motiveto move to the New World.

  44. Maryland was grantedto Cecil Calvert (akaLord Baltimore 2nd). • Calvert declaredMaryland a havenof religious tolerancefor all Christians, and it became the first major Catholic enclavein the New World

  45. The Carolinas • As a rewardfor helping him gainthethrone, Charles II granted a huge tractof land between VA and Spanish Florida to 8 noblesin 1663

  46. Settling South Carolina • Charlestown was formed in 1670 • Settled by the descendantsof Englishmen who had colonized Barbados. • Barbado’s primary exportwas sugar, and its plantations were worked by slaves. • Initially, the economy was based on trading fursand providing food for the West Indies • By the middle of the 18th century, large rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves created an economyand culturethat resembledthe West Indies

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