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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. Carboxylic acids and Esters. Flow Chart of Organic Reactions. esters. amides. alkenes. addition. + H 2 O. +HX. + H 2. substitution. dehydration. alkanes. alkyl halides. + H 2 O. alcohols. + X 2 (difficult). + NH 3 (ammonia). ethers. amines. primary

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

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  1. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Carboxylic acids and Esters

  2. Flow Chart of Organic Reactions esters amides alkenes addition + H2O +HX + H2 substitution dehydration alkanes alkyl halides + H2O alcohols + X2 (difficult) + NH3 (ammonia) ethers amines primary [O] secondary [O] aldehydes ketones [O] carboxylic acids amine or NH3 + + alcohol condensation condensation hydrolysis hydrolysis

  3. ESTERS • often used as artificial smells to add • scent to products • sense of smell warned our ancestors (and warns us) of what is safe to eat • compounds called esters are responsible for many of the pleasant smells of fruits • ex. smell of bananas: 3-methylbutyl acetate

  4. 1) general formula 2) functional group - carbonyl from carboxylic acid and O from hydroxyl

  5. 3) properties • esters cannot form hydrogen-bonds with themselves but can with polar molecules • they are water soluble, but more hydrophobic than parent alcohol and parent carboxylic acid • more volatile than carboxylic acid of similar molecular weight • very useful in organic analytical chemistry ( gas chromatography, gas liquid chromatography, or mass spectrometry).

  6. ex. polyester ex. artificial smells

  7. 4) nomenclature: • name alcohol after COO, change “anol” to “yl” • name carboxylic acid, change “oic” to “oate” • ex.

  8. 5) How To Make Them: ESTERIFICATION - Condensation/Dehydration Reaction • between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol • can be split apart by hydrolysis

  9. ex. methyl butanoate

  10. strawberries • ex. name the following:

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