FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

1. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ketones and aldehydes

2. Flow Chart of Organic Reactions esters amides alkenes addition + H2O +HX + H2 substitution dehydration alkanes alkyl halides + H2O alcohols + X2 (difficult) + NH3 (ammonia) ethers amines primary [O] secondary [O] aldehydes ketones [O] carboxylic acids amine or NH3 + + alcohol condensation condensation hydrolysis hydrolysis

3. KETONES 1) general formula 2) functional group: carbonyl C=O

4. 3) properties • carbonyl group is polar so ketones are polar compounds • carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen bonding but cannot hydrogen bond to itself • ketones are more volatile than alcohols of similar molecular weight • good solvents, can mix with both polar and nonpolar substances

5. ex.

6. 4) nomenclature: • change ending of parent hydrocarbon from “ane” to anone ex. CH3CH2COCH2CH3 3-butanone

7. 5) How To Make Them: Oxidation Reaction • oxidation is a “loss of electrons: LEO”, so: loss of H or addition of O • since in a ketone the carbonyl group is flanked by other carbons, ketones are made from secondary alcohols

9. ex. starting with 2-butanol:

10. ALDEHYDES 1) general formula • an aldehyde is a compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. 2) functional group • carbonyl, C=O, at end on compound

11. 3) properties • carbonyl group is polar so both aldehydes and ketones are polar compounds but don’t dissolve in water as well as alcohol • carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen bonding but cannot hydrogen bond to itself • good solvents, can mix with both polar and nonpolar substances

12. ex.

13. 4) nomenclature • change the very ending of parent hydrocarbon from “e” to “al” • ex. butanal

14. 5) how to make an aldehyde 1. Oxidation Reaction • oxidation is a “loss of electrons: LEO”, so: loss of H or addition of O • since in an aldehyde the carbonyl group is terminal (at the end), aldehydes are made from primary alcohols

15. ex. 1-butanol, oxidation (loss of H2) to make butanal