The Reformation

1. The Reformation A Need For Reform

2. The age of church reform was dominated by 4 great kings:a) Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547)b) Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547)c) Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)d) Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556) • During the Middle Ages

3. The idea of reforming the Catholic Church was not new • The prestige of the Church had been damaged by the Great Schism (1378-1417), the Babylonian Captivity, and the abuses of the clergy • English cleric John Wyclif had questioned the authority of the pope and rejected transubstantiation • Bohemia theologian Jan Hus was burnt at the stake • Even Erasmus criticized the Church, but he never advocated separation • In theory the pope was the most powerful man in Europe • But with the emergence of the new monarchs and the nation-states the power of the papacy was eroded

4. The Italian and Christian humanists denounced the corruption of the Church a) clerical immorality b) clerical ignorance c) Clerical pluralism – holding more than one Church office at a time d) Simony – the selling of Church positions e) Nepotism – appointing family members to high-ranking positions • At the village level priests were not much better off than peasants • Government officials were often rewarded with clerical positions

5. Popes were just as corrupt: • Leo X – “God has given us the papacy – let us enjoy it!” • Innocent VIII made the papal court the gossip of Europe • Paul II was known as the “happy father” • Paul III made two grandsons cardinals • Alexander VI publicly acknowledged his mistress and children • Julius II led an army against France • Many priest had concubines, drunkenness, gambling, and elaborate dress were common • Many priests could barely read or write

6. Christian humanists condemned the ignorance of the Church • The Church held a large portion of European wealth and large tracts of the most valuable land • Germany was part of the Holy Roman Empire and it was a region with weak borders and many rulers • Few believed in religious freedom, but anti-Roman feelings were strong • Europe was still deeply religious and many groups i.e. “The Brethern of Common Life” wanted reform • The Lateran Council of 1512-17 did recommend changes - but there were many obstacles • Martin Luther would force the issue

7. Born in East Germany from peasant stock • Almost hit by lightning and he saw it as a sign from God • Entered the strict Augustinian monastery against his father’s wishes • Disillusioned with the Church questioned good works: prayers, fasting, etc. • Despite being a monk he worried about achieving salvation • The Tower Experience read Apostle Paul’s letter to the Romans (1:17) • “The just shall live by his faith” if people had faith God will save them • Salvation would come from Jesus as a gift to those who had faith

8. Archbishop Albert of Magdeburg hired John Tetzel to oversee the collection of funds for the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome – Indulgences • A person could purchase indulgences and reduce the amount of time they, or a family member would have to spend in purgatory • Indulgences based on:a) God is merciful and justb) Christ has a treasury of meritc) The Church has the authority to grant remission of sins • English humanist John Colet said the Church was a “money machine” • Luther openly criticized the abuses of indulgences

9. October 31, 1517, he posted his 95 theses on the Castle Church in Wittenberg to challenge the church to debate the issue • Spread without Luther’s knowledge • In 1519 Luther debated the question with Johannes Eck and claimed the pope was not infallible • Eck claimed that Luther shared the same views as the heretic Jan Hus – who had been burned at the stake • In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther for heresy In 1520 Luther wrote Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation asking them to reform the Church

10. Pope Leo X did not take the threat seriously he thought Luther would disappear, but Luther publicly burned the papal bull • The Augustinians championed reform and supported Luther, the Dominican attacked Luther’s views. • The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who had just become the emperor in 1519 ordered Luther to appear at the Diet of Worms • The Diet order Luther to recant • Luther refused to modify his views and said “Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise” • The Diet condemned Luther and the pope, with the agreement of Charles V, issued the Edict of Worms (1521) declaring Luther a heretic and prohibiting him from preaching in the empire

11. Luther was kidnapped for his own protection and returned to Wittenberg under the protection of Frederick the Wise • In Wittenberg Luther began reforming the Church • Under pressure Luther’s views became more critical • Luther: a) defended the radical martyr Husb) Proclaimed the Bible was the supreme authorityc) Appealed to the German nobles to stop the abuses of the churchd) Recognized good work but emphasized faith • In 1522 Luther translated the New Testament into German and in 1534 the Old Testament • In 1524 the peasants, who misunderstood Luther’s message revolted against the landowners • The peasants thought independence meant an end to serfdom

12. Luther attacked the peasants in his Against the Murdering, Thieving Hordes of Peasants and advised the princes to crush the revolt • Religion was put aside until the revolt was suppressed • Because the Holy Roman Emperor faced a larger problem with the Muslims he could not devote all his energies to Germany • Charles V, the strongest defender of Catholicism was too busy worrying about the Muslims in the East and Francis I of France in the West to devote time and energy against Luther • Francis I was happy to see Luther causing so many problems for the Habsburgs • In 1526 the Turks defeated the Hungarians at the Mohác in Hungary – forcing Charles to make concessions to the German princes for their support

13. In 1530 Luther appeared before Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg • Luther presented his ideas about faith in what was known as the Confession of Augsburg • The Diet refused to accept such ideas • In 1531 several German princes formed the Schmalkaldic League – a religious and military alliance against the Catholic Habsburgs • Religious wars did not start until 1546 – the year of Luther’s death • In 1555 the Lutherans and the Catholics agreed to the Peace of Augsburg – cuius regio, eius religio • Northern Germany -ProtestantSouthern Germany - Catholic • The Protestant movement proved a disaster for Germany

14. Luther was abducted an placed in Wartburg Castle for his own protection • Philip Melanchthon implemented Luther’s ideas • Reasons for Luther’s success:a) Germany resented papal powerb) Distance from Romec) Lack of central authority to mediate the dispute • Equality of all people before God • Eventually he abandoned the cloth and married and had six children • Luther was not a revolutionary, but he knew the Church would not change • Concerned with issues of the soul

15. Luther believed:a) salvation comes by faith alone(Romans 1:17)b) religious authority resides in the Bible and is open to interpretationc) the church is a community of believersd) all vocations are equal in the eyes of Gode) there are only 2 sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s Supperf) the importance of marriageg) a women’s place was in the home • Still religion was a public matter • Very few believed in religious liberty • Humanists validated Luther’s words • While Luther’s translation of the Bible into German made it an issue of nationalism

16. Zwingli • In Zurich a humanist and Catholic priest Ulrich Zwingli wanted the Church to reform itself • He preached that salvation could be achieved through faith alone and that the scriptures should be the basis of religious practice • In 1519 he led the Church at Zurich to break from Rome • He advocated the need for simple services and, unlike Luther claimed that Communion involved symbols of Christ • The issue of Communion became the first division among the Protestants • Zwingli was killed by Catholics at the battle of Kappel in 1531

17. Anabaptists • They were identified as a very radical sect • They believed:only adults should be baptizedall believers were equal • They appealed to the lower classes • Believed the ‘road to God was through suffering’ • They were wiped out in Germany, moved to Poland, then to the Netherlands, eventually to the United States

18. Calvinism • John Calvin was the person most responsible for the spread of Protestantism • He was born in France and about 20 years younger than Luther • Calvin became a Protestant but developed his own ideas • In 1536 he established a theocracy in Geneva • Agreed with Luther that the Bible was the only acceptable source and that there were only two sacraments • Absolute rule by Calvin and the Consistory • In 1536 Institutes of Christian Religion was published

19. Did not believe in free will • Predestination – only those pre-selected by God with gain salvation • Since God had created the universe he had a plan for everyone • Those who would be saved were called the Elect • Calvin believed in simple services • He advocated a puritanical approach to life – he banned dancing, gambling, swearing and the consumption of alcohol • Violators were severely punished • Michael Servetus burnt at the stake for denying the divinity of Jesus Christ • The Calling – Protestant work ethic • Spread to Scotland, France, England and America

20. Catholicism Salvation comes from grace Salvation is available to all (even non-believers) 7 sacraments Source comes from the scriptures and Church tradition Highly structured hierarchy with the Pope as head Lutheranism Salvation cannot be earned Grace is all a person needs for salvation – but not non-believers 2 sacraments (Baptism and Confirmation Authority comes only from the scriptures Structured on the local level with bishops and priests, but no Pope or cardinals

21. ENGLISHREFORMATION

22. The King’s Great Matter • According to Peter Gay “On the Continent the Reformation began with religion and ended with politics; in England it began with politics and ended with religion” • English humanists had been wanting reform • 1509 Henry VIII became the king aged 18 • Henry was strongly Catholic and had been trained as a priest • In 1521 the pope gave him the title “defensor fidei”(defender of the faith) for criticizing Luther • Luther called him a “lubberly ass”

23. Catherine of Aragon and Arthur Tudor were married by proxy in 1501 In 1509 Henry was given special permission from Pope Julius II to marry Catherine of Aragon who had been married to Henry’s older brother, Arthur – Arthur had died. Henry kept the dowry Catherine was 5 years older than Henry Henry had numerous affairs, including one with Anne Boleyn’s sister, but he needed for the queen to have a son Henry VIII

24. Daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain Catholic, but preferred living in England to Spain She had five daughters, only Mary survived Henry asked Pope Clement VII to grant a divorce claiming the marriage was invalid because a man was not permitted to marry his brother’s widow Cardinal Wolsey, Henry’s chief minister pushed the matter but the pope was reluctant to act Catherine of Aragon

25. Because: • Charles V was Catherine’s nephew and he dominated Italy at the time • Leviticus said a man who married his brother’s wife would be childless • Lutheranism • Papal infallibility • The “matter” took six years • Henry replaced Wolsey with Thomas More, who also refused to go against the Catholic Church • Thomas Cranmer was made the new Archbishop of Canterbury because he promised success • In May 1533 Cranmer granted Henry a divorce – in June Anne Boleyn gave birth

26. Henry issued The Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533), which made the king supreme head of England The Act of Submission of the Clergy (1534), clergy must submit to the monarch The Supremacy Act, (1534) made the king head of the Church of England Separated Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church In 1535 Thomas More and John Fisher, the bishop of Rochester refused to swear loyalty to the king and were beheaded Catherine still remained loyal to him and the Catholic faith and remained in England to raise her Catholic daughter

27. In 1536 Henry dissolved the smaller monasteries and in 1539 dissolved the rest – he sold the land to his friends and supporters • By removing the monasteries Henry was able to eliminate the centers of opposition • Also in 1536 the Catholics of northern England formed the Pilgrimage of Grace to protest, but Henry easily suppressed the revolt • Most Englishmen supported the king because they resented the power of the Catholic Church • In 1539 Parliament passed the Act of Six Articles which was actually very Catholic – including, anyone denying transubstantiation could be burned at the stake

28. Had been a Maid of honor to Catherine Her sister had already had an affair with Henry and she had given birth to an illegitimate son 2nd wife and most famous wife Bore him a daughter - Elizabeth I, who was raised Protestant In 1536, charged Anne of adultery Beheaded on May 19, 1536 Anne Boleyn

29. Third wife Protestant King Edward VI Jane Seymour

30. Only son of Henry His mother died of child bed fever Became king at ten so the country was ruled by a series of protectors Had been tutored by Protestants so the country became firmly Protestant In 1549 Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer Died in 1553 Edward VI

31. Became queen after Edward died Devoted Catholic and daughter of Catherine of Aragon Married her cousin Philip II of Spain, the son of Charles V Nicknamed “Bloody Mary” because of her persecution of Protestants – (roughly 300 including Thomas Cranmer) Even Charles V disapproved of her persecution of Protestants because he wanted to use England as an ally By 1554 she had repealed all the religious legislation passed by Henry VIII and Edward VI Very unpopular with the English people – died in 1558 Mary Tudor

32. Daughter of Anne Boleyn and the last Tudor monarch Became queen of England in 1558 and focused on creating national unity Protestant, but tolerant (politique) – repealed many of the laws passed during the reign of Mary In 1563 “Elizabethan Settlement” required conformity In 1563 the Thirty Nine Articles became the basis of the Anglican Church In 1567 a revolt in Scotland led to Mary Queen of Scots abdicating and fleeing to England and James VI being the new Scottish king Elizabeth of York

33. Mary was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII and had a claim to the English throne For over 20 years she was implicated in plots to kill Elizabeth In 1587 Elizabeth had her beheaded Many people thought Elizabeth did not go far enough to remove Catholic influence These people wanted to purify the Anglican church Other Protestants wanted to leave the church altogether they were known as Separatists

34. SCOTLAND • Did not follow the English model • Mary Queen of Scots allied with the French • Scottish nobles supported the Protestants and John Knox • Knox persuaded Parliament to end papal supremacy in Scotland • Established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland

35. IRELAND • Ireland was dominated by the English Parliament and a few English landowners • They also severed ties with Rome and recognized the English king as sovereign over the Church • Most Irish remained Catholic

36. The Catholic Reformation • The Lateran Council (1512) had told Julius II to reform the church • Adrian VI wanted reform but he was Dutch • Popes resisted reform because they feared a loss of power and revenue • Also, known as the Counter-Reformation • Began in 1517 in response to calls for reform • Didn’t really have an affect until the 1540s • Catholic Church wanted to persuade dissidents to return to the church

37. At the request of Charles V, Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent in 1545 • The council met sporadically until 1563 • Decided:a) 7 sacramentsb) Bishops had to reside in their diocesesc) Suppressed pluralism and simonyd) Churches had to establish seminariese) The Index of Prohibited Books • Great emphasis was placed on discipline • The Council did not meet expectations but it did correct the church

38. New religious orders appeared, such as the Jesuits and the Ursuline nuns • These orders emphasized strict Catholic dogma to lift up the spiritual condition of the clergy and laity • In 1540 Pope Paul III established the Jesuits (The Society of Jesus) with Ignatius Loyola in charge • Loyola wrote Spiritual Exercises which advocated total obedience to God • The Jesuits emphasized education, especially to the young and they went on missions • They became very influential with Catholic monarchs and nobles • The Ursuline order was only for women

39. Inquisition • The most feared weapon of the Catholic Reformation was the inquisition • Spanish and Roman Inquisition used torture to gain confessions • By 1560 Spain, France, Italy, and Austria were all staunchly Catholic • England, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands were Protestant • The issue of religion would dominate Europe for over another century