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Basal Ganglia

Basal Ganglia. NBIO 401 – Friday November 1, 2013. Objectives: Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and thalamus.

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Basal Ganglia

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  1. Basal Ganglia NBIO 401 – Friday November 1, 2013

  2. Objectives: • Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and thalamus. • Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other. • Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia on movement. • Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. • Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. • - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are involved.

  3. Objectives: • Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and thalamus. • Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other. • Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia on movement. • Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. • Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. • - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are involved.

  4. Objectives: • Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and thalamus. • Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other. • Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia on movement. • Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. • Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. • - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are involved.

  5. Objectives: • Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and thalamus. • Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other. • Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia on movement. • Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. • Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. • - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are involved.

  6. Objectives: • Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and thalamus. • Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other. • Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia on movement. • Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. • Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. • -Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are involved.

  7. Objectives: • Be able to describe the anatomical components of the basal ganglia and their position in the brain relative to the cerebral cortex, internal capsule, and thalamus. • Be able to describe how the components of the basal ganglia are connected to the cerebral cortex and to each other. • Be able to explain the general effects of the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia on movement. • Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. • Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. • - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia are involved.

  8. Basal Ganglia Position in the Brain

  9. Striatum = Caudate & Putamen

  10. Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata (like GPi) Pars Compacta (dopamine source) Input Nuclei (caudate, putamen) Intermediate Nuclei (external globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus) Output Nuclei (internal globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata)

  11. Basal Ganglia Functional Organization

  12. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Subthalamic nucleus

  13. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Subthalamic nucleus

  14. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Direct Pathway: Increases motor output Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output Subthalamic nucleus

  15. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Direct Pathway: Increases motor output Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output Subthalamic nucleus

  16. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Direct Pathway: Increases motor output Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output Subthalamic nucleus

  17. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta D1 Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Direct Pathway: Increases motor output Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output Subthalamic nucleus

  18. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta D1 D2 Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Direct Pathway: Increases motor output Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output Subthalamic nucleus

  19. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta D1 D2 Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Direct Pathway: Increases motor output Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output Subthalamic nucleus

  20. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta D1 D2 Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Direct Pathway: Increases motor output Indirect Pathway: Decreases motor output Subthalamic nucleus

  21. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta D1 D2 Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Dopamine increases direct pathway activity Dopamine decreases indirect pathway activity Subthalamic nucleus

  22. Basal Ganglia Diseases

  23. Parkinson’s Disease

  24. Functional organization of the Basal Ganglia Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum X Substantia nigra pars compacta D1 D2 Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Dopamine increases direct pathway activity Dopamine decreases indirect pathway activity Subthalamic nucleus

  25. Parkinson’s Disease Caused By SNc Damage Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway dopamine dopamine Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta D1 D2 Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Loss of dopamine decreases movement via both direct and indirect pathways. Subthalamic nucleus

  26. Parkinson’s disease

  27. Healthy / L-DOPA treatmentParkinson’s Disease

  28. Healthy / L-DOPA treatmentParkinson’s Disease

  29. Parkinson's Disease Gait

  30. Parkinson’s Disease Caused By SNc Damage Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway dopamine dopamine Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta D1 D2 Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Loss of dopamine decreases movement via both direct and indirect pathways. Subthalamic nucleus

  31. Pallidotomy Lehman et al, Acta Neurochir (2000) 142-319

  32. Parkinson’s Disease Caused SNc Damage Cortex Motor Cortex Direct pathway Indirect pathway Basal Ganglia Striatum Substantia nigra pars compacta D1 D2 Thalamus Direct Pathway (decreases inhibition of thalamus) Indirect Pathway (increases inhibition of thalamus) Globus pallidus external Excitatory Globus pallidus Internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata Inhibitory Loss of dopamine decreases movement via both direct and indirect pathways. Subthalamic nucleus

  33. Cortex Motor Cortex Striatum D2 D1 Substantia nigra pars compacta Basal Ganglia Thalamus Globus pallidus external Globus pallidus internal/ substantia nigra pars reticulata Huntington’s Disease Subthalamic nucleus Preferential degeneration of neurons in D2 expressing medium spiny neurons in the striatum that are the start of the indirect pathway.

  34. Huntington’s Disease

  35. Cortex Motor Cortex X Striatum D1 D2 Substantia nigra pars compacta Basal Ganglia Thalamus Globus pallidus external Globus pallidus internal/ substantia nigra pars reticulata Huntington’s Disease Subthalamic nucleus Preferential degeneration of indirect pathway

  36. Huntington’s disease Degeneration of MSNs in Striatum (Indirect pathway MSNs die first)

  37. Basal Ganglia Other Loops & Learning

  38. Striatum mediates associative learning (pairing one thing with another, stimulus-response, reward, etc.) and procedural learning (motor patterns, development of habits and skills), but not spatial learning (absolute location, mental maps of space) which is mediated by the hippocampus (along with declarative memory).

  39. ende

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