1 / 30

CHAPTER FIVE

CHAPTER FIVE. The Structure and Function of Macro Molecules. What are the structure and function of the major macromolecules?. Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Condensation reaction Hydrolysis. Four Main Classes of Macro Molecules!. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids.

selena
Download Presentation

CHAPTER FIVE

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHAPTER FIVE The Structure and Function of Macro Molecules

  2. What are the structure and function of the major macromolecules? • Proteins • Fats • Carbohydrates • Nucleic acids • Condensation reaction • Hydrolysis

  3. Four Main Classes of Macro Molecules! • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

  4. Building Blocks • Carbs  Simple Sugars, monomers (monosaccharides) • Proteins  Amino Acids • Nucleic Acids  Nucleotides (A-T C-G) • Lipids: NOT considered polymer • Glycerol head and 3 hydrocarbon tails

  5. Reactions • Condensation or dehydration • 2 Monomers  Polymers • Lose a molecule of water: H from 1, OH from another. • Requires Energy (Enzyme) • In Protein specifically this is a peptide bond. • In carbohydrates this is a glycosidic

  6. More Reactions.. • Hydrolysis Reaction .. • Hydrolysis (Water …… To Break) • Polymer  2 monomers • H2O Added, Energy Released

  7. Carbohydrates • Monosaccharide to monosaccharide = glycosidic linkage, dehydration reaction. • Empirical Formula  C6H12O6 • Carbonyl: • Aldehyde: dbl bond at end of chain: glucose • Ketone: dble bond in middle: fructose

  8. Monosaccharides

  9. Carbohydrates • Rings: form of most sugars • Glycosidic linkages: between monomers • Polysaccharides: 100’s – 1,000’s of mono’s

  10. disaccharides • Disaccharides: • Glucose + glucose = maltose • Glucose + fructose = sucrose Sucrose: table sugar, the form plants use to move sugar from leaf to root.

  11. Sucrose

  12. Polysaccharides • Starch: polymer of glucose (1-4 alpha) linkage • Amylose: simplest starch(no branches) • Amylopectin: more complex (branches) • Glycogen: storage in animals (liver and muscle)

  13. Starch • Plastids in plant leaf (chloroplasts) • Alpha configuration

  14. Cellulose • Cellulose: insoluble fiber due to configuration of glucose monomers • Microfibrils: cellulose fibers HYDROGEN bond to each other. Make cables • Wood: rich in cellulose

  15. Cellulose • Cellulose: Straight beta configuration of glucose • Cellulose: most abundant organic material 100billion tons/year.

  16. Cellulose digestion • Who can digest cellulose? • Microbes: bacteria in cow’s rumen (1st stomach) • Microbes: bacteria in gut of termites • Some fungi

  17. Chitin • Similar to cellulose • Contains nitrogen • Used to make exoskeleton of • Arthropods • Spider • Crustaceans • Fungi: build with chitin

  18. Lipids • Fats: • Triglyceride: glycerol + 3 fatty acids (ester linkage) • Glycerol: 3 OH • Fatty acid: • Non polar • hydrophobic • Phospholipid • steroids

  19. Phospholipids • Phospholipid: • 2 hydrocarbon tails (no charge) • 1 phosphate group (negative charge) • The non-polar tails and polar phosphate cause phospholipids to form bilayer when placed in water: hydrophilic phos. Out, tails in.

  20. Steroids • Steroids: • Function at nucleus of cell • Carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings

  21. Protein synthesis • Monmers: amino acids – polypeptides • Site: Ribosomes in cytosol or attached to endoplasmic reticulum. • DNA in nucleus. mRNA carries information out into cytosol. • 1 gene = 1 polypeptide

  22. Protein • 1. peptide bonds between amino acids • 2ndhydrogen bonds btwn R-groups cause alpha helix and beta pleating • 3rdhydrogen, van der waals, disulfide bonds create globular shape • 4thhydrogen, van der waals, disulfide bonds put multiple polypeptides together.

  23. Proteins: form and function Enzyme - substrate Tata box binding protein

  24. Protein: form and function collagen aquaporin

  25. Nucleic acids • Nucleic acid made up of • nucleotides • nitrogenous base • pentose sugar (5 carbon sugar) • phosphate • Nitrogenous base: • pyrimidine: 1 ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil) • purines: 2 rings (adenine, guanine)

  26. Nucleic Acids • Polymer of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds (phos. Of 1 to sugar of the next) • The order of the nitrogenous bases in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a protein • 3 nitro bases = 1 amino acid

  27. RNA/DNA • RNA single strand • Backbone of phosphate and ribose sugar • DNA double strand backbone on outside bases: hydrogen bonds in middle • Always adenine-thymine guanine- cytosine

More Related