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Biology I Chapter 7

Biology I Chapter 7. Cellular Respiration. Do Now. What is the mitochondria? Produces energy What is the cristae? Folds inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria. What is the energy-carrying compound that is made inside the mitochondria? ATP. Mitochondria.

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Biology I Chapter 7

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  1. Biology IChapter 7 Cellular Respiration

  2. Do Now What is the mitochondria? Produces energy What is the cristae? Folds inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria. What is the energy-carrying compound that is made inside the mitochondria? ATP

  3. Mitochondria Why is the inner membrane of the mitochondria folded? The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded into cristae. The cristae increasethe surface area of the inner membrane and enhancethe mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP through the process of cellular respiration.

  4. ATP Which is the better gift? $10 check? $10 bill? ATP is like a $10 bill because it’s “spendable” immediately. Glucose, NADH, FADH2 must be converted to ATP to be used by the cell.

  5. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Contains three phosphate groups. Is essential for a cell to perform all the tasks necessary for life. Is an immediately “spendable” form of energy. Is found in plants and animals.

  6. ATP Through the process of hydrolysis, cells removephosphate groups from molecules of ATP to form molecules of ADP. This hydrolytic reaction results in the breaking of high-energy bonds to produce free energy. Through the process of dehydration synthesis, cells add phosphate groups from molecules of ADP to form molecules of ATP. This dehydration reaction results in the making of high-energy bonds to produce free energy.

  7. Introduction How are animals directly or indirectly dependent on plants for energy? When cells break down food molecules, energy is temporarily stored in ATP molecules.

  8. Do Now • Draw the carbon cycle.

  9. Sunlight energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Glucose CO2   H2O O2 Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP (for cellular work) Heat energy

  10. Cellular Respiration Breaks down food molecules to release stored energy. Takes place in animals and bacteria. Can be done by organisms that are also photosynthetic. Ex. Euglena Takes place in two stages: Glycolysis Aerobic Respiration

  11. Cellular Respiration Begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and ends in the mitochondria. O2 CO2 6 6 ATPs H2O + 6 + Carbon dioxide Energy Oxygen gas Water C6H12O6 + Glucose

  12. Do Now • What are the products of photosynthesis that are used in cellular respiration?

  13. NADH High-energy electrons carried by NADH NADH FADH2 and OXIDATIVEPHOSPHORYLATION(Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis) GLYCOLYSIS CITRIC ACID CYCLE Glucose Pyruvate Mitochondrion Cytoplasm ATP CO2 CO2 ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation

  14. Cellular Respiration Overview

  15. Glycolysis Aerobic (with oxygen) or Anaerobic-without oxygen A biochemical pathway during which glucose is split into smaller molecules. A glucose molecule loses electrons, and forms two three-carbon molecules called Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate).

  16. Glycolysis • Produces 2 ATP • Occurs in cytoplasm. • Glycolysis

  17. Glycolysis H+ 2 + 2 NAD+ 2 NADH Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 2 P ATP 2 ADP

  18. Do Now • Read the following statement and in 3 lines explain if you agree or disagree and why. “Organisms do not need oxygen to get energy from organic molecules.”

  19. Fermentation The process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic-without oxygen In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by fermentation instead of aerobic respiration. During fermentation, either ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid is formed. Fermentation

  20. Lactic Acid Fermentation NADH loses electrons and forms NAD+ while pyruvic acid gains electrons and changes to lactic acid 2 2 NADH 2 2 NAD NADH NAD GLYCOLYSIS P 2 ADP  2 ATP 2 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate Glucose

  21. Lactic Acid Fermentation When muscles are exercised extensively in the absence of sufficient oxygen, lactic acid is produced. Used in dairy, soy, and cabbage industries. Food Science

  22. Fermentation in Food Streptococcus thermophilus Streptococcus thermophilus Aspergillus niger (Yogurt) (Soy Sauce)

  23. Alcoholic Fermentation NADH loses electrons and changes to NAD+ while converting pyruvic acid to CO2 and ethanol NADH NAD 2 NAD NADH 2 2 2 GLYCOLYSIS 2 ADP  2 CO2 released 2 P 2 ATP 2 Ethanol Glucose 2 Pyruvate Figure 6.13B

  24. Alcoholic Fermentation Used in the baking, brewing, and winemaking industries. Yeast

  25. Do Now • Study for your vocab quiz. • #65-67 AND Questions #1-12!!!!!!!!!!

  26. Do Now Glycolysis and fermentation take place in the cytosol of the cell. What might this suggest about the evolution of these pathways? Explain in 3 lines.

  27. Efficiency of Glycolysis Kilocalories-the measure of the energy produced by glycolysis. 1,000 Kilocalories=1 Calorie

  28. Do Now-In notes section(True or False) The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. True Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid if oxygen is present. False Glycolysis begins with one molecule but ends with two. True

  29. Do Now • What are the products of the Kreb’s cycle that are used for the Electron Transport Chain?

  30. Aerobic Respiration In most cells, glycolysis does not result in fermentation. Aerobic respiration produces nearly 20 times as much ATP as glycolysis. Two main Stages: Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain

  31. Krebs Cycle A two-carbon molecule combines with a four-carbon molecule to form citric acid. Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Completes the breakdown of glucose, producing a small amount of ATP that supplies the second stage of aerobic respiration with electrons Kreb's Cycle

  32. Krebs Cycle  H NADH NAD CoA Pyruvate Acetyl CoA(acetyl coenzyme A) CO2 Coenzyme A Figure 6.8

  33. Electron Transport Chain Linked with chemiosmosis. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons combine with oxygen and protons to form water. Electron Transport Chain Overview

  34. Electron Transport Chain Electrons from NADH and FADH2travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water Electron Transport Chain

  35. Chemiosmosis Is used to pump H+ into the space between the mitochondrial membranes Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport & Chemiosmosis

  36. Aerobic Respiration H+ . H+ H+ H+ H+ Protein complex H+ H+ ATP synthase H+ Electron carrier H+ Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane FADH2 FAD Electron flow 1 +2 O2 H+ NAD+ NADH 2 H+ H+ Mitochondrial matrix  P ATP ADP H+ H2O H+ Chemiosmosis Electron Transport Chain OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Figure 6.10

  37. Aerobic Respiration In cellular respiration, the most energy is transferred during the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain produces up to 34 ATPs. The total number of ATPs produced during cellular respiration is 38. Overview 1 Overview 2 Crash Course-Cellular Respiration

  38. #1-5 • Together • Body • Puncture • Homeostasis • Polar Covalent

  39. #6-10 • Ionic • Hydrogen • Nonpolar Covalent • Amino Acids • Monosaccharides

  40. #11-15 • Glucose & Oxygen • Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base • Glycerol & Fatty Acids • Nucleotides • Phospholipid bilayer • Cellular Respiration

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