TISSUES

1. TISSUES GROUPS OF CELLS WITH SIMILAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2. 4 MAJOR TISSUE TYPES 1. EPITHELIUM 2. CONNECTIVE 3. MUSCLE 4. NERVE

3. CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHER WITH VERY LITTLE INTERCELLULAR MATERIAL • FUNCTIONS: • PROTECTIVE BARRIER – temp, microbes, environment • ABSORBS NUTRIENTS • SECRETES HORMONES, MUCUS AND ENZYMES • EXCRETES WASTE – UREA AND SWEAT

4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE • DENSE TISSUE – CELLS CONTAIN LOTS OF INTERCELLULAR MATERIAL MADE OF FIBERS IN A MATRIX OR GROUND SUBSTANCE – LIQUID, GEL, SOLID • FUNCTIONS • BINDS TO TISSUE TO SUPPORT/ORGANIZE BODY • BINDS TO FOREIGN CELLS TO PROTECT THE BODY • BINDS TO MOLECULES TO TRANSPORT MATERIALS THROUGH BODY

5. BUNDLE(S) OF IMPULSE CARRYING FIBERS THAT CONNECT BRAIN & SPINAL CORD WITH BODY. • MOST HIGHLY ORGANIZED TISSUE OF BODY • FUNCTION: • CONDUCT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THROUGHOUT THE BODY

6. MUSCLE TISSUE • COMPOSED OF FIBERS THAT ARE ABLE TO CONTRACT CAUSING/ALLOWING MOVEMENT • FUNCTION: • ALLOWS MOVEMENT OF MOVABLE BODY STRUCTURES

7. CHARACTERISTICS • COVERS BODY AND MANY OF ITS PARTS • LINES CAVITIES, RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE/URINARY TRACTS, BLOOD/LYMPH VESSELS • MAKE UP BODY GLANDS • TIGHTLY PACKED CELLS – <INTERCELLULAR SPACE • ALWAYS REST BASEMENT MEMBRANE • NO CAPILLARIES -0₂/NUTRIENTS BY DIFFUSION • UNDERGO CONSTANT MITOSIS

8. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPE • SQUAMOUS– FLAT, SCALELIKE, IRREGULAR, THIN ALLOW GAS/CHEMICAL EXCHANGE LINES BLOOD VESSELS/ALVEOLI • CUBOIDAL – SMALL CUBES • SHAPE PROMOTES SECRETION • LINES GLANDS – THYROID, SALIVARY • COLUMNAR - TALL, RECTANGULAR • SECRETES GASTRIC JUICE/ENZYME • LINES STOMACH, INTESTINES, RESPIRATORY TRACT • MANY ARE CILIATED

9. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ARRANGEMENT • SIMPLE – ONE CELL LAYER THICK • LINES CAPILLARIES, ALVEOLI, STOMACH • ALLOWS GAS/SUBSTANCE EXCHANGE 2. STRATIFIED – SEVERAL CELL LAYERS THICK • ON OUTER SKIN SURFACE • LINES ALIMENTARY CANAL, VAGINA • THICKNESS/SECRETIONS PROTECT FROM MICROBES • SQUAMOUS CELLS ONLY

10. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ARRANGEMENT 3. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED – APPEAR LAYERED BUT ALL CELLS TOUCH BASEMENT MEMBRANE • FOUND IN THROAT, TRACHEA, BRONCHI • USUALLY COLUMNAR, OFTEN CILIATED 4. TRANSITIONAL – SEVERAL LAYERS, CLOSELY PACKED, FLEXIBLE AND EASILY STRETCHED • LINES MAJOR PARTS OF URINARY SYSTEM • DISTENDED APPEARS SQUAMOUS • COMPRESSED APPEARS “JAGGED”

11. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION • “BODY MEMBRANE” - THIN LAYER OF EPITHELIUM OVERLYING LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • MUCOUS MEMBRANE • GLANDULAR – SIMPLE EXOCRINE GLANDS • GLANDULAR – COMPOUND EXOCRINE GLANDS • GLANDULAR – ENDOCRINE GLANDS • ENDOTHELIUM • MESOTHELIUM

12. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION MUCOUS MEMBRANE • LINES ALL BODY CAVITIES OPEN TO THE OUTSIDE • PROTECTS, ABSORBS, SECRETES • SECRETE MUCUS FROM “GOBLET CELLS” • SECRETES BILE SALTS AND ENZYMES • USUALLY CILIATED

13. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM SIMPLE EXOCRINE – SINGLE, UNBRANCHING DUCTS SWEAT & SEBACEOUS GLANDS COMPOUND EXOCRINE – MULTIBRANCHING LOBULES WITH BRANCHING DUCTS MAMMARY AND SALIVARY GLANDS ENDOCRINE – DUCTLESS GLANDS SECRETE HORMONES DIRECTLY INTO BLOODSTREAM

14. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION • ENDOTHELIUM • LINES BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS • SINGE LAYER SQUAMOUS TYPE CELLS • *****THIN LAYER ALLOWS EXCHANGE OF O₂, CO₂, NUTRIENTS, WASTE BETWEEN BLOOD, LYMPHATICS AND BODY CELLS***** • ENDOCARDIUM • SPECIAL NAME FOR HEART LINING

15. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION • MESOTHELIUM OR SEROUS MEMBRANE • LINES THE GREAT CAVITIES THAT HAVE NO OPENING TO THE OUTSIDE – SIMPLE SQUAMOUS CELL LAYER • CONNECTIVE TISSUE • PROTECTS, REDUCES FRICTION , SECRETES FLUID • PLEURA – LINES THORACIC CAVITY • PERITONEUM – LINES THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY • PERICARDIAL –COVERS THE HEART • PARIETAL – WALLS OF CAVITY • VISCERAL – ORGAN COVERING

16. THREE TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE • ALLOWS MOVEMENT/PROVIDES SUPPORT • LOOSE –NOT TIGHTLY WOVEN - FILLS SPACE BETWEEN AND PENETRATES INTO ORGANS • DENSE – TIGHTLY WOVEN - REGULAR AND IRREGULAR EMBEDDED FIBER ARRANGEMENT • SPECIALIZED – SPECIALIZED IN ITS FUNCTION • LOTS OF INTERCELLULAR MATERIAL – MATRIX • WITH COLLAGEN (TOUGH) AND ELASTIN (FLEXIBLE) FIBERS EMBEDDED

17. THREE TYPES OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE • RETICULAR – FILTERS HARMFUL SUBSTANCES FROM BLOOD & LYMPH (SPLEEN, LYMPH, BONE MARROW) • ADIPOSE – UNDER SKIN – PROTECTS BY PROVIDING PADDING, INSULATION AND A PLACE FOR STORED FAT – Brown and White • AREOLAR – MOST WIDELY DISTRIBUTED WITH LOOSE ACCUMULATIONS BETWEEN TISSUES AND ORGANS – CONNECTS TISSUES, PROVIDES SUPPORT

18. AREOLAR TISSUE CELLS – THREE TYPES • FIBROBLASTS – ABILITY TO FORM FIBRILS - REPAIR • HISTIOCYTES - STATIONARY PHAGOCYTES BECOME TRAVELERS - MACROPHAGES ORIGINATE FROM BLOOD’S MONOCYTES • MAST CELLS – PRODUCE HEPARIN AND HISTAMINE

19. DENSE – TWO TYPES OF FIBER ARRANGEMENTS REGULAR • TENDONS – ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE • LIGAMENTS – ATTACH BONE TO BONE • APONEUROSES – WIDE, FLAT TENDONS ATTACH MUSCLE TO MUSCLE OR TO PERIOSTEUM IRREGULAR • FASCIA – COVERS THE MUSCLE • JOINT CAPSULES • DERMAL LAYER OF SKIN • OUTER COVER OF BODY TUBES e.g. ARTERIES

20. SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE • BONE • CARTILAGE • BLOOD • LYMPHATIC & MYELOID ARE HEMATOPOIETIC • ELASTIC ***RETICULOENDOTHELIAL – PHAGOCYTES KUPFFER’S , MACROPHAGES, NEUROGLIA & MICROGLIA ***SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES – line bursa and joint cavities, cover tendons

21. CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS ELASTIN FIBERS COLLAGEN FIBERS

22. CONNECTIVE TISSUE FUNCTIONS • SUPPORT – Bones support body tissues • NOURISHMENT – Blood carries nutrients and synovial membranes nourish cartilage • TRANSPORTATION – Blood transports gases, enzymes and hormones to cells • CONNECTION – Tendons connect muscles to bone and Ligaments connect bone to bone • PROTECTION – Bones protect vital organs and Blood cells protect us from microbes • MOVEMENT – Muscles pull on our bones and bones move us through our environment • INSULATION – Adipose tissue insulates, pads • STORAGE – Bone stores mineral salts, calcium and phosphorous. Adipose stores energy • ATTACHMENT & SEPARATION – Attaches skin to underlying muscle. Layers around and between organs.

23. BONE • LOCATED IN SKELETON – SUPPORT AND PROTECT • COMPACT – DENSE OUTER BONE LAYER - SOLID • CANCELLOUS – BELOW COMPACT, SPONGY BONE • OSTEOCYTES – BONE CELLS • OSTEOBLASTS – BUILD BONE • OSTEOCLASTS – BREAKDOWN BONE • *****DENTIN – BONELIKE – FORMS TEETH CROWNED BY ENAMEL*****

24. BLOOD LIQUID TISSUE -CONTAINS PLASMA & BLOOD CELLS CIRCULATES THROUGH BODY TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS, O₂, HORMONES, ENZYMES AND WASTES - CO₂ AND UREA COMBATS FOREIGN ORGANISMS AND CELLS –WBC’S HELPS TO REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE

25. CARTILAGE - CHONDROCYTES PROVIDE FIRM STRUCTURE/PADDING THREE TYPES HYALINE – “CLEAR” – NO VISIBLE FIBERS FETUS, BONE/JT SURFACES, COSTAL CARTILAGE FIBROCARTILAGE– DENSE COLLAGEN FIBER MATRIX LIMITED RANGE OF MOTION INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS, PUBIC SYMPHYSIS ELASTIC CARTILAGE – DENSE ELASTIN FIBER MATRIX AURICLE, AUDITORY TUBES, EPIGLOTTIS

26. FIBROCARTILAGE

27. HYALINE CARTILAGE

28. ELASTIC CARTILAGE

29. MYELOID – FORMS RBC’S, WBC’S, PLATELETS HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE LYMPHATIC - FORMS WBC’S – SPLEEN, L. NODES

30. ELASTIC TISSUE WALLS OF LARGE ARTERIES AND ALVEOLI HELPS REGULATE BLOOD PRESSURE IN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM HELPS IN EXHALATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

31. MUSCLE TISSUE TISSUE FIBERS CONTRACT TO ALLOW MOVEMENT THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE SKELETAL SMOOTH CARDIAC LET’S TAKE A LOOK

32. SKELETAL MUSCLE MAKE UP 40% BODY’S MUSCLES VOLUNTARY - STRIATED SPINDLE SHAPED STRIATED WITH LIGHT AND DARK BANDS MULTI NUCLEATED CONTROLLED BY CNS ATTACHED TO MOVABLE BONE

33. SMOOTH MUSCLE INVOLUNTARY NON-STRIATED SPINDLE SHAPED NON-STRIATED ONE LARGE NUCLEUS INVOLVUNTARY CONTROLLED BY ANS GI TRACT, BLOOD VESSELS, EYE PUPILS

34. CARDIAC MUSCLE 10% OF BODY’S MUSCLE INVOLUNTARY - STRIATED CYLINDRICAL-SHAPED BRANCHES STRIATED ONE NUCLEUS INTERCALATED DISCS INVOLUNTARY CONTROLLED BY ANS SHORT = >FUNCTION MAKES HEART WALL

35. NERVE TISSUE CELL = NEURON TRANSMIT IMPULSES VERY LONG FIBERS NUCLEUS IN CELL BODY NEUROGLIA – SUPPORT/BIND NERVE CELL PARTS “GLIA” = GLUE MOST ORGANIZED TISSUE IN BODY

36. WHAT AM I?

37. WHAT AM I?

38. WHAT AM I?

39. WHAT AM I?

40. WHAT AM I?

41. WHAT AM I?

42. WHAT AM I?

43. WHAT AM I?

44. WHAT AM I?

45. WHAT AM I?

46. WHAT AM I?

47. WHAT AM I?

48. WHAT AM I?

49. WHAT AM I?

50. WHAT AM I?