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Toward Empire

21. Toward Empire. America Looks Outward. Geography encouraged isolationism in U.S. (protected on both sides by oceans) Isolationism turns to imperialism – control over other peoples through annexation, military conquest, or economic domination U.S. expansion shifted after 1890

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Toward Empire

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  1. 21 Toward Empire

  2. America Looks Outward • Geography encouraged isolationism in U.S. (protected on both sides by oceans) • Isolationism turns to imperialism – control over other peoples through annexation, military conquest, or economic domination • U.S. expansion shifted after 1890 • Strategically placed islands taken to create military and economic colonies

  3. Reasons for Expansion • Expansion abroad sought to gain economic and military colonies for markets NOT for settlement (oversaturation of domestic markets) • Census report of 1890 show end of frontier • Evolutionary ideas encouraged expansion to provide civilization to native peoples around the world (notion of racial superiority) • Missionary spirit • New leaders, new ideas

  4. Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867–1900 • Expansionist foreign policy • Acquisitions: First, Midway Islands; then Steward buys Alaska from Russia • Eroded European influence in Latin America • Diverted Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties • U.S. supported Venezuela against Great Britain

  5. The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa • Military and economic value of Hawaii increased in 1890s • Early on, U.S. missionaries go to Hawaii and gain power • Reciprocity Agreement: duty free sugar to U.S. and U.S. protect Hawaii and get Pearl Harbor • Queen Liliuokalani attempted to reduce U.S. influence • 1893: American settlers pulled off coup against Queen • President Cleveland wants to restore Queen to thrown but U.S. Americans in Hawaii refuse • 1898: Hawaii made U.S. possession • 1872: U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa and belonged to U.S. by 1899

  6. Hawaiian Islands

  7. The New Navy • Alfred Mahan argued that overseas markets were essential for America’s wealth and power • U.S. needs strong merchant marine and navy • Two-ocean navy needed • U.S. shifted to construction of a battleship navy • U.S. gained offensive capability at sea

  8. War with Spain • 1895: Rebellion in Cuba for freedom from Spain • General Weyler’s policy lead to riots in Havana • “Yellow Press” whipped up U.S. sentiment • DeLome Letter about McKinley • February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine • April 19: Congress declared Cuba independent, passed “Teller Amendment” • April 25: U.S. declared war on Spain

  9. “A Splendid Little War” • U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • Theodore Roosevelt organizes the “Rough Riders” • War only lasted 10 weeks • Cuba invaded and captured • Commodore George Dewey captured Philippines and provided U.S. with unexpected prize

  10. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement • Filipinos used guerilla war tactics • War more costly than Spanish-American War • Aquinaldo lost and US replaced military rule with civilian rule under Taft Commission and promised independence • July 4, 1946 given independence

  11. Spanish-American War:Pacific Theater

  12. Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

  13. OUTCOME OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN • 1898 – Treaty of Paris – Cuba given independence – Platt Agreement • No treaties or debts to other countries • Lease Guantanamo Bay to U.S. • U.S. can intervene in Cuba to maintain orderly • government • U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • 1900 – U.S. is major world power and established as an overseas empire • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero

  14. The Treaty of Paris Debate • Debate over annexation of the Philippines most important • Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League • Against big armies, government, and debt • Trade can continue without annexation • Filipinos could never become Americans (assimilation) • Annexation incompatible with independence and self-determination (anti-American) • Cheap labor will come from Philippines and take jobs • 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U.S. a colonizing nation

  15. American Empire, 1900

  16. World Colonial Empires, 1900

  17. Governing the Empire • Does the Constitution follow the flag? • Supreme Court said No – Congress will decide each case • Puerto Rico made territory and government set up under Foracker Act • Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens • Navy controlled Guam

  18. Governing the Empire • US prepared Cuba for freedom • 1902 - Cuban constitution ended U.S. occupation • Cuba given independence • Platt Amendment: U.S. given right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to lease Guantanamo Bay

  19. The Open Door • China vulnerable to European imperialism • Foreign countries divided China into “spheres of influence” • 1900: U.S. set “Open Door” policy in China • No European nation should carve out a “sphere of influence” in China and exclude others from trading in that area – all nations would have equal trading rights in China and China will preserve national authority • U.S. gained economic rights in China • Boxer Rebellion – Chinese try to push all foreigners out of China but fail

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