Perception

1. Perception

2. Other Senses Reviewed • Lab Day Review- hand in please • Hand in your Blog Assessment I will be marking the blogs this weekend. • Quiz

3. The Chemical Senses • How are our senses of taste and smell similar , and what is sensory interaction? • Smell(Olfaction) & Taste(Gustation) are chemical senses. They receive stimulus energy in the form of chemical substances. • The receptors transduce these energies into action potentials, which are relied to specialized areas of the brain and record them as odors or tastes

4. Smell and Taste are BFF’s • Smell and taste are separate senses but they have much in common…

5. Smell • Receptors for smell, located at the top of each nasal cavity, send messages to the brain. These cells work together, combining their messages into patterns that vary, depending on the different odors they detect. • Remember: old factories smell! • The Olfactory receptor cells detect odors and then send info to the olfactory bulb, which then sends the information to the temporal lobe and limbic system(remember that thalamus relays information for all senses except smell!

6. Sensory Interaction • Smell and taste interact to detect information from the environment. Basically the influence of one sense to another! Ex. When you have a cold and your sense of smell is affected, you probably notice during this time that food does not taste the same.

7. Taste(Gustation) • Remember “that taste disgustation” • Taste is chemical sense, containing the taste bud receptor cells sweet, sour, bitter, which are located on the tongue. Each taste bud is sensitive to particular types of food. • Umami is considered to be a new taste bud, which is sensitive to high protein foods- like chicken. • Taste receptors regenerate every 2 weeks but decline naturally with age…losing their sensation of taste over time(those who smoke or drink heavily)

8. Somatic/Skin Senses (Body) • 4 types of receptors: heat, cold, pressure, pain • Think about how we sense touch and feel pain, and how can we treat pain? • Our sense of touch involves pressure, warmth, cold and pain. Only pressure has identifiable receptors. Pain is a combination of biological, psychological, and social cultural influences. Treatment may manage pain from any or all of these perspectives. • Hypnosis, can help relieve pain. Remember video? • Frostbite?

9. Gate Control Theory • Is used to explain the sensation of pain, which states that the spinal cord contains a gate that either is open allowing pain signals to enter and continue to the brain, or be closed blocking the pain from going to the brain! • Remember the video…. Endorphins(a NT that blocks pain, helps to close the gate, which is why pain medication helps ease pain signals from reaching the brain.

10. Kinesthetic Sense • A sensory system that monitors the position of individual body parts and movements and reports this info to the thalamus and cerebellum. For example, when a person loses an arm or leg due to an accident then that person would see a kinestologist who would try to match a prosthetic limb to the rest of the body parts

11. Vestibular Sense • Sensory system that monitors the head position and balance through receptors. Its receptors in the inner ear send messages to the cerebellum. • For example, when people get dizzy they put their hands over their ears to regain balance.

12. Perception • Is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. We all use the same sensory organs to detect stimulation from the environment. BUT we all differ in our perceptions, which are influenced by memories, personality and expectations.

13. Perception The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

14. Selective Attention • The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. • Like the “cocktail party” effect.

15. Cocktail-party phenomenon • The “cocktail party effect”is the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and noises & ignoring other conversations. • Form of selective attention.

16. Inattentional Blindness Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. Look at the FedEx truck in the next picture. See anything? Now look again at the next photo. See if you notice it now. Show Brain Games “Pay Attention” (0-9:00)

17. Inattentional Blindness • One form is “change blindness.” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGQmdoK_ZfY

18. Illusions Ames Room

19. Illusions of Perceived Size-Distance Parked Cars Ponzo Illusion

20. Illusions of Perceived Size-Distance Muller-Lyer Illusion

21. Illusions of Perceived Size-Distance Horizon Moon

22. Illusions of Size-Distance Relationship High moon on a clear night.

23. Horizon moon Which object would you need to hold at arms length to just cover the moon? • BB • Pea • Dime • Penny • Nickel • Quarter • Golf ball • Baseball • Softball • Small salad plate • Large dinner plate • Frisbee • Basketball • Beach Ball

24. High moon on a clear night. Which object would you need to hold at arms length to just cover the moon? • Baseball • Softball • Small salad plate • Large dinner plate • Frisbee • Basketball • Beach Ball • BB • Pea • Dime • Penny • Nickel • Quarter • Golf ball

25. Other Illusions

37. Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt means “an organized whole.” • These psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

38. Gestalt Example • A bike assembled or put together looks different than the same bike broken into parts on the garage floor.

39. Gestalt Psychology • To perceive forms, we must organize the visual field into objects(figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground). We separate the figure from the background. • This is figure-ground perception(like the clouds in the sky).

40. Gestalt Psychology Gestalt psychologists focused on how we GROUP objects together. We innately look at things in groups and not as isolated elements. A form of Top-Down Processing. Proximity (objects that are close together are perceived as being part of same group). Similarity (objects similar in appearance are perceived as being part of same group). Continuity (objects that form a continuous form are perceived as same group). Closure(we fill gaps in if we can recognize it).

41. Gestalt Psychology

42. Depth Perception • The ability to see objects in three dimensions (although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional). • Allows us to judge distance. See in 3D

43. Depth Cues Eleanor Gibson and her Visual Cliff Experiment for depth perception. If you are old enough to crawl, you are old enough to perceive depth. We see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories: Monocular Cues (use one eye) Binocular Cues (use two eyes)

44. Visual Cliff Demo • A lab device, which showed that babies would not cross the clear glass placed between 2 structures, proving that depth perception is innate. • Evolutionary psychologists believe that depth perception was innate because it helps to protect babies from dangers-like falling.

45. Monocular Cues • Interposition: if something is blocking our view, we perceive it as closer. • Relative Size: if we know that two objects are similar in size, the one that looks smaller is farther away. • Linear Perspective: parallel lines seem to converge with distance.

46. Monocular Cues • Texture Gradient: the coarser it looks the closer it is. • Relative Motion: things that are closer appear to move more quickly.

47. Monocular Cues Linear Perspective Interposition Relative size Texture gradient Relative Motion

48. Binocular Cues We need BOTH of our eyes to use these cues. Retinal Disparity- as an object comes closer to us, the differences in images between our eyes becomes greate. Convergence - degree to which our eyes turn inward to focus on an object.

49. Motion Perception • Stroboscopic effect(flip book effect). • Phi phenomenonthink of the domino effect. As the dominos fall they fall in a certain direction, which shows the path that they will fall.

50. Perceptual Constancy • Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images changes.