REVIEW FOR THE FALL SEMESTER FINAL EXAM

1. REVIEW FOR THE FALL SEMESTER FINAL EXAM

2. REVIEW FOR THE FALL SEMESTER FINAL EXAM INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

3. The Neolithic Revolution is when humans learned how to farm; farming changed the way humans lived: Neolithic Revolution People no longer had to be roaming nomads and became farmers People domesticated animals and established villages Farming villages became established along river valleys; the rivers offered good soil, irrigation, and sources of drinking water

4. In Mesopotamia (and other civilizations, like Egypt) being located in a river valley provided rich soil ideal for farming

5. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS GOVERNMENT: Babylonian King Hammurabi created the first written code of law Hammurabi’s Code had 282 laws based on justice and retaliation (for example: “an eye for an eye”)

6. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS Government: If it was decided a Chinese leader lost the Mandate of Heaven, overthrowing him and starting a new dynasty could be justified

7. Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) taught that people can achieve Nirvana by following the “Four Noble Truths”; this is the most significant teaching of Buddhism

8. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS Ancient Egypt had a hierarchy of specialized workers; the “pharaoh” is the Egyptian king

9. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS In Han China, the teachings of the philosopher Confucius had great influence on their society Confucianism focused on filial piety (respect for elders) For a bureaucrat to get a government job, he would have to pass a civil service exam based on Confucius’ teachings

10. PERSIA’S ORGANIZED EMPIRE When ruling their empire, the Persians were tolerant of conquered people’s cultures, built an extensive road system, and used standardized coins to promote business and trade

11. Mountains covered about 75% of Greece; these barriers divided the Greek people into separate mountain valleys; this led to the development of independent city-states

12. The Hindu religion used the “caste system”, which ranked people according to social status

13. The society of Sparta focused on military strength, not freedom, art, and learning (like Athens)

14. Ancient Greece is considered a “classical civilization” because Greek culture contributed to philosophy, art, entertainment, literature, architecture, science, education, and democracy

15. Alexander the Great’s main legacy was not his empire-building; the most significant effect of his conquests was spreading Hellenistic civilization (a blend of Greek, Persian, and Egyptian culture) throughout his empire

16. ROME: AN EMPIRE OF INNOVATION Rome’s location on the Mediterranean Sea allowed for trade and cultural diffusion (blending of cultures) with other people, especially the Greeks Through the cultural diffusion, the Romans were able to borrow the best ideas from other civilizations (especially the Greeks) and improve upon them

17. The Government of Ancient Rome A republic is a form of government in which citizens have the right to elect their leaders (Senators)

18. THE PAX ROMANA Julius Caesar was assassinated by senators who feared his power; Julius’ death led to Augustus Caesar taking revenge, then becoming Rome’s first emperor Julius’ assassination led to the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire Pax Romana

19. CHRISTIANITY BECOMES RECOGNIZED Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire and gained popularity Emperor Constantine made Christianity legal, which shifted Rome away from its polytheistic religion

20. Attempts To Reform The Roman Empire EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN Diocletian’s most important reform was dividing the Roman Empire into two parts: the Eastern Empire and the Western Empire; he did this to make controlling the enormous empire easier

21. BELIEFS OF ISLAM • Islam is monotheistic, worshipping only one God (the same God of Judaism and Christianity)

22. FIVE PILLARS Muslims believe in the Five Pillars of Islam: Faith: belief in one God, Allah, and the Prophet Muhammad Prayer: 5 times per day towards Mecca Alms: 2.5% to charity Fasting: During the month of Ramadan Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca

23. The Sunni-Shi’a Split Before the Umayyads, caliphs were elected members of Muhammad’s family Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of the Umayyads Shi’a Muslims rejected the rule of the Umayyads The Shi’a believe that caliphs must come directly from Muhammad’s bloodline The Sunni believe that caliphs should follow Muhammad’s example, but do not have to be relatives

24. Medicine • Muslims of the Islamic Empire established the world’s first hospitals and based their medical knowledge on that of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece • IbnSina created and developed medical encyclopedias

25. Islamic Empire and Gupta Empire Wealth from trade led to “golden ages” for the Islamic and Gupta Empires, a time of great achievements in science, mathematics, medicine, and architecture

26. EAST AFRICA Muslim merchants brought their religion with them to East Africa Islamwas introduced to the East African trade cities

27. AFRICAN RELIGION CHANGES When Islam was introduced, the Animist religions and Islam were blended; however, many Africans chose to keep their traditional Animistic beliefs

28. WEST AFRICA: GHANA The gold-salt trade led to increased wealth in West Africa and the formation of empires A West African kingdom, Ghana, amassed vast wealth by taxing merchants

29. WEST AFRICA: MALI The gold-salt trade led to increased wealth in West Africa and the formation of empires A kingdom neighboring Ghana, Mali, eventually overthrew Ghana and absorbed its territory into the new Mali Empire

30. University in Timbuktu For example, Timbuktu became a trade city that attracted scholars, religious leaders, and doctors Because of his pilgrimage to Mecca, Mansa Musa expanded Islamic learning and culture in Mali

31. When the Roman Empire split in two, the Western side was taken over by the Germanic tribes, while the Eastern side stayed strong The Eastern Roman Empire, now known as the Byzantine Empire, not only remained together but survived for nearly a thousand more years

32. The Justinian Code To oversee his empire, Justinian ordered legal experts to consolidate Roman laws into a single law code It was called the “Justinian Code” and served as the legal basis for criminal justice, marriage, property, slavery, and women’s rights The Code would serve as the model for Europe’s legal systems

33. Culture of the Byzantine Empire The Hagia Sophia (which means “Holy Wisdom” in Greek) was originally a Christian church; it remains the greatest example of Byzantine architecture, which was influenced by Roman-style domes and arches

34. The Great Schism (split) occurred in 1054 CE Disagreements over the use of religious icons during prayer and who should hold authority over the Church led to a division in Christianity

35. The Byzantines • From contact with the Byzantine Empire, the early Russians gained the Cyrillic alphabet, the Orthodox religion, and different styles of art and architecture • RUSSIA • BYZANTINES

36. After the fall of the Roman Empire, a new political and social system called feudalism developed Feudalism is a system in which land is given to knights by lords in exchange for military service and loyalty

37. The Role of the Medieval Church Roman Catholicism was the dominant religion in Western Europe during the Middle Ages The Catholic Church gave people a sense of security and the goal of reaching Heaven; the Catholic Church provided unity and stability in Western Europe during the Middle Ages

38. Charlemagne was the greatest Medieval king because he did something no other Medieval king was able to do: create an organized empire One of Charlemagne’s greatest legacies was spreading Christianity throughout Western Europe

39. Effects of the Crusades They increased desires for luxury goods like silk, cotton, sugar, and spices A long-term result of the Crusades was the growth of cultural exchanges between Europe and the Middle East They introduced technologies like compass, astrolabe, ship designs, and gunpowder They introduced ideas like Arabic numbers, chemistry, algebra, and telescopes

40. Aztecs worshipped many gods, especially the sun god; they made thousands of human sacrifices each year to the sun god

41. The demise of the Aztecs and Incas came when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in America and conquered the two empires

42. This era of stability was called “PaxMongolica”, which means “Mongol Peace” Because of the safety of PaxMongolica, there was enormous increase in trade between Asia and Europe through the Silk Road

43. From 1200 to 1206, Genghis Khan (“Universal Ruler”) united all of the Mongol clans under his rule Equally intelligent and vicious, Genghis Khan would lead the creation of the Mongol Empire, the largest land empire in human history

44. MARCO POLO’S TRAVELS Marco Polo traveled throughout Asia and Europe, making a written record that would later increase Europe’s interest in Asian luxury goods

45. The voyages led by Chinese admiral Zheng He led to the Chinese coming into contact with people from numerous other cultures

46. CHINESE INNOVATIONS DURING THE TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES

47. During the Renaissance, humanists emphasized the importance of human potential and achievement

48. Michelangelo Michelangelo’s sculpture,“David”, is considered a masterpiece; he is perhaps most well-known for the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

50. Ancient Greek art and Renaissance art both emphasized realism and perfecting the human form Renaissance Greek