First Semester Final Exam Review

1. First Semester Final ExamReview It’s a good idea to take notes on this stuff... 

2. Elements of Story • Be sure you are familiar with all the terms on your final exam study guide; they are all on your final

3. A reference to a statement, person, place or event from literature, history, mythology, religion, sports, politics etc. A struggle or clash between opposing characters or forces The use of clues to suggest events that will happen later in the plot (In general) a contrast between expectation and reality Story Terms--What am I?

4. Story Terms--What am I? • When the audience or reader knows something a character does not know • Biblical, Shakespearean, and Greek Mythological are common types • Considered the most important ingredient for a story

5. Story Terms--What am I? The highest point of action in the story; forces a resolution; point of no return; point at which essential dramatic question is answered The series of related events that make up a story; what happens

6. Story Terms--What am I? • The time, place, environment, social conditions, mood and atmosphere of a story • The idea about life revealed in a piece of work; what the story is “about”; what the writer wishes to convey. • Events in the story when conflict(s) is/are revealed thus leading to the climax

7. Story Terms (Continued) • Outcome of the climax; the answering of the question created by the main conflict • One who propels the story forward, whose actions drive the story, and who usually appears in the exposition of the story • The “tying up of loose ends”; a neat & tidy ending

8. Story Terms (Continued) • A type of character who undergoes an important, internal change because of the action in the plot • One whose personality doesn't change throughout the events in the story's plot • One who works in opposition to the central character, brings about the greatest change in the central character, or most embodies the central character’s worst fears • Introduction to the characters, setting and situation of a story

9. Characterization • What are the seven methods of Indirect Characterization? • What a character says • What a character does or does not do • What a character thinks • The character’s physical appearance (often symbolic) • The character’s environment • How a character responds to others • How others respond to the character

10. Characterization • Indirect Characterization--an example • Example #1: Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded -- with what caution -- with what foresight, with what dissimulation, I went to work! I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him. And every night about midnight I turned the latch of his door and opened it oh, so gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a dark lantern all closed, closed so that no light shone out, and then I thrust in my head. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! dissimulation-to disguise one’s true feelings or intentions

11. What do we learn about the narrator from this quote? • What are some adjectives you’d use to describe the narrator’s personality and character traits? • What is the narrator afraid the reader will think about him? How does this reveal his character to us?

12. Another example of Indirect Characterization follows. What do we learn about the narrator from this quote? • It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon his bed. Ha! would a madman have been so wise as this? And then when my head was well in the room I undid the lantern cautiously -- oh, so cautiously -- cautiously (for the hinges creaked), I undid it just so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long nights, every night just at midnight, but I found the eye always closed, and so it was impossible to do the work, for it was not the old man who vexed me but his Evil Eye.

13. Literary Devices--What am I? • a figure of speech in which an unspoken comparison is made between two things that are essentially not alike. Ex. “Where the twilight is a soft bandana handkerchief of rose and gold” • An extreme exaggeration used for effect. Ex. “The suspense is killing me.”

14. Literary Devices--What am I? • a figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal, an object, or a concept Ex. “Death be not proud, though some have called thee/Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so” • a figure of speech in which an obvious comparison is made between two things that are not alike. The comparison is made by the use of some comparison word or phrase as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems.

15. Literary Devices--What am I? • the repetition of initial consonant sounds in words that are close together Ex. the moonbeams danced magically on the moldering manure • something that means more than what it is; an object, person, situation, or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests another meaning as well Ex. The Phoenix in Fahrenheit 451

16. The Hero’s Journey--What am I? • The moment the hero moves from the known world into the unknown world • The object, knowledge, or blessing that the hero acquires during the adventure which will be put to use in the everyday world. Often it has a restorative or healing function, but it also serves to define the hero's role in the society. • This is the critical moment in the hero's journey in which there is often a struggle with a monster, wizard, or warrior which facilitates the particular resolution of the adventure.

17. The Hero’s Journey--What am I? • The hero will accept this willingly or reluctantly, but without it, the hero’s journey never really gets underway • This might make the hero uniquely prepared for the journey ahead and may foreshadow what the journey will be like

18. The Hero’s Journey--What am I? • A “wise” or experienced character to whom the hero turns to for aid and counsel • This character serves to further define the hero through contrast • In general, a character who assists the hero in some way • These will each help to prepare the hero for the Final Battle (teaching him something essential) and will help to show the hero’s valor and worth

19. Writing Structure: What am I? • A sentence that appears at the end of the introduction paragraph, which tells the reader what the paper will prove/discuss. It is the road map for every piece of expository writing. • Facts, examples, illustrations, evidence, support, plot references, paraphrases, quotations, or plot summary taken directly from the piece of literature.

20. Writing Structure: What am I? • This sentence is all opinion and it adds a finished feeling (it wraps up) the ideas presented in the paragraph. • For example, when the men seeking charity told Ebenezer Scrooge that many of the poor would rather die than go to the union workhouses, Scrooge responded by saying, “Then they had better do it and decrease the surplus population” (10).

21. Writing Structure: What am I? • Usually it’s the first sentence in a body paragraph that tells what the entire paragraph is about/will prove. It should be in direct support of your thesis. Sometimes its called a micro-theme or micro-thesis. • your own thoughts, analysis, opinions, observations, insights, reflections, reactions etc.; goes a step beyond summary and support to remark upon the significance of something

22. Writing Structure: What am I? • What are the three parts to an effective Concrete Detail sentence? • T (transitional word or phrase) • L (lead-in which gives necessary background information and a context for the quotation • CD (the actual quote or paraphrase from the text)

23. Writing Structure--What am I? • Another example that Rosaura was being used occurs when Rosaura thought she was going to get both a bracelet and a yo-yo, but “instead Señor Ines rummaged in her purse and drew out two bills” (3). This indicates that Señora Ines never viewed Rosaura as an invited guest or indeed as a peer or friend to her daughter. This is because Señora Ines had already type cast Rosaura; she was unwilling to view her as an equal because she was the maid’s daughter.

24. What should a Response to Literature Introductory Paragraph contain? • Hook (generalizations work great for this domain of writing) • Brief bit of overview/background of story/text, making sure to include the title and author • Thesis