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4.3 Subsidies and Countervailing Measure

4.3 Subsidies and Countervailing Measure. Definition and features International legislation on subsidies Categories Remedies Legislation in China. Global statistics on subsidies and countervailing measures. What is subsidy?. monetary support or financial preference.

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4.3 Subsidies and Countervailing Measure

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  1. 4.3 Subsidies and Countervailing Measure Definition and features International legislationon subsidies Categories Remedies Legislation in China Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  2. Global statistics on subsidies and countervailing measures Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  3. What is subsidy? monetary support or financial preference Domestic producer/ exporter Government/ public body promote the competitive ability of domestically produced goods in local and international market. May harmful, Protective device Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  4. 4.3.1 Definition and features • I. Definition (Art 1 of SCM) • It is the final contribution, income or price support by a government or any public body within a territory of a Member to domestic producers and exporters. • Subject (补贴的主体) • A government or any public body within a Member • Beneficiary Object (补贴的对象) • Domestic producers or exporters Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  5. 4.3.1 Definition and features • I. Definition (Art 1 of SCM) • Forms (补贴的形式) • A government practice involves a direct transfer of funds (e.G. Grants, loans, and equity infusion);Potential direct transfers of funds or liabilities (e.g. Loan guarantees) • Forego or do not collect a due government revenue • A government provides goods or services, or purchases goods • A government makes payments to a agent to carry out above functions • Any form of income or price support (1) 政府直接转让资金—如资产注入;潜在资金或债务的直接转移（如贷款担保）;(2)政府对本应征收的财政收入的放弃或不予征收;(3)政府提供货物或服务或购买货物;(4)政府向基金机构拨款，或委托、指令私人机构履行上述的三项功能;(5) 任何形式的收入或价格支持 Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  6. 4.3.1 Definition and features • II. Features • Governmental Behavior • To domestic manufacturers and exporters • various forms (legislation, administrative act, monetary support or duty-free) • Aim——promote the competitive ability of domestically produced goods in local and international market • Effect ——benefit conferred, so as to hinder import and encourage export • Specificity (must be restricted) (1)补贴是一种政府行为。(2)补贴的对象主要是国内生产与销售企业。(3)补贴的方式多种多样。 (4)补贴的根本目的是增强有关产品在国内外生产上的竞争力。(5)补贴的结果是国内企业获得利益，从而达到阻碍进口和鼓励出口的效果。 (6)补贴应具有专向性。 Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  7. Specificity A subsidy Prohibited subsidy 禁止性补贴 Enterprises 企业的专向性补贴 • Principle of determination of specificity Industry 产业的专向性补贴 certain enterprises located within a designated geographical region 地区的专向性补贴 • ~ in law (法律上的专向性) • Legislation or pursuant to which government operate explicitly indicate the subsidy limit to certain enterprises • ~ in fact (事实上的专向性) • Strictly adhered to the objective criteria established in the legislation, but are not automatically granted subsidy A. 根据当局的行为或所依据的立法补贴只给予某些企业 B. 严格遵守当局规定的补贴取得条件或标准，有些企业仍不能自动取得受补贴资格 Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  8. 4.3.2 International legislations on subsidies • Art6,Art16 of GATT1947 • Tokyo Round Subsidy Code • Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) • Totally 11 parts, 32 provisions and 7 annexes (Substantial and procedural problems) • Contains a definition of subsidy • Introduces the concept of a "specific" subsidy Chinese Version Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  9. 4.3.3 Categories (Part II-IV of SCM) • Prohibited subsidies • Actionable subsidies • Non-actionable subsidies Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  10. Red subsidy Prohibited subsidies-禁止性补贴 • Subsidies that require recipients to meet certain export targets, or to use domestic goods instead of imported goods. (出口补贴和进口替代补贴 ) Total 12 types in Annex1 Why prohibit?? • specifically designed to distort international trade, and are therefore likely to hurt other countries' trade. Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  11. Yellow subsidy Actionable subsidies-可申诉补贴 Adverse effect on other Members No Yes Be permitted Be Restricted Actionable May take countervailing measures Non-actionable • Adverse effect(不利影响) • Injury to the domestic industry of another Member • 损害了另一成员方的国内工业 • Nullification or impairment of benefits accruing directly or indirectly from GATT1994 to other Members • 抵消或损害了其他成员方在GATT1994中直接或间接享受利益 • Serious injury to the interests of another Member • 严重侵害其他成员的利益 指在一定范围内不予以禁止的,但如果因补贴而给其他成员的经济利益造成不利影响, 而受影响的成员可以根据有关规定向世贸组织提出起诉，或根据国内立法可以采取反补贴措施的补贴。 Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  12. Green subsidy Non-actionable subsidies-不可申诉补贴 • Cannot be challenged in the WTO's dispute settlement procedure, and countervailing duty cannot be used on subsidized imports. • Non-specific subsidies • Specific subsidies • Research subsidies (研发补贴) • covers not more than 75% of the costs of industrial research, or • not more than 50% of the costs of pre‑competitive development activity • Assistance to disadvantaged regions (贫困地区补贴) • Environmental subsidies (环保补贴) • Assistance for adapting existing facilities to new environmental laws or regulations. 指各成员方在实施这类补贴措施的过程中一般不受其他成员方的反对或因此而采取反补贴措施:一是不属于专向性的补贴(普遍性补贴);二是符合特定要求的专向性补贴 Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  13. Comparison of different subsidies Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  14. Comparison of dumping and subsidy Country A Country B Antidumping measures Non-governmental behavior Dumped goods By Exporter Country A Countervailing measures Country B Goods that granted subsidies Government subsidize to exporter or domestic industry Governmental behavior Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  15. 4.3.4 Remedies (parallel mechanism) • By Domestic Countervailing Investigation • Initiative Body- Domestic industry or government • By WTO Dispute Settlement System • Initiative Body-Government Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  16. Countervailing Investigation Obligation of the Member who initiate investigation • Provisional Measures • Undertaking • Imposition and Collection of Countervailing Duties 1 year, at most 18 months Initiation Consultation Existence of subsidy Amount of subsidy Injury causality Investigation Administrative review Judicial review Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  17. Provisional Measures • Form: provisional countervailing duties (cash deposits or bonds) • Requirement for application • An investigation has been initiated (no sooner than 60days from the initiation) • Interested members and parties have been given adequate opportunities to submit information and make comments • A preliminary affirmative determination • A subsidy exists • There is injury to a domestic industry caused by subsidized imports; • Necessary to prevent injury being caused during the investigation. • Duration • Normally less than 4 months. Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  18. Undertaking-after a preliminary affirmative determination • The exporter agrees to revise its prices so that the investigating authorities are satisfied that the injurious effect of the subsidy is eliminated • The government of the exporting member agrees to eliminate or limit the subsidy or take other measures concerning its effects • Investigation maybe suspended or terminated without the imposition of provisional measures or countervailing duties Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  19. Countervailing Duties • After a final affirmative determination • The existence and amount of the subsidy • The effects of the subsidy, the subsidized imports are causing injury • Imposition and collection of countervailing duties • Not excess of the amount of the subsidy • Last 5 years Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  20. Difference between anti-dumping investigation and investigation of subsidy Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  21. 4.3.5 Legislation on subsidies in China • 1. 1994年《对外贸易法》(2004/4/6修改）第43条对反补贴做了原则规定。 • 2.《反倾销和反补贴条例》(1997年3月15日颁布)，细化了对补贴问题的有关规定，但很不完善。 • 3.《反补贴条例》(2001年11月26日颁布；2004年3月31日修订)，共6章58条，有关规定与WTO《补贴与反补贴协定》的规定一致。 • 4.《反倾销法和反补贴法》，已被列入十届人大常委会立法计划。 Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  22. 2000-2003年年平均调查发起数量比较 原因分析： 1、反倾销企业行为；反补贴政府行为(易引起经济和政治上的报复 2.取证 Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  23. 4.3.2 International legislation on subsidies • 1. GATT1947第6条及第16条。第6条是关于反倾销措施的最初规则，其中有一款规定了反补贴问题，也规范反补贴税的适用；第16条直接涉及到补贴的使用。总协定最初的条文并没有禁止缔约方使用补贴，只是要求缔约方将补贴的性质，范围和有关情况通知缔约方大会。在1955年举行的缔约方第9次大会上，总协定第16条新增补了4个条款，作出了禁止补贴的规定，但禁止补贴的范围只涉及初级产品以外的产品的出口补贴 • 2. 东京回合《补贴与反补贴守则》。东京回合谈判将补贴与反补贴措施列为重要议题之一，并最后达成了《关于解释和适用总协定第6条，第16条和第23条的决定》，简称为1979年《补贴与反补贴守则》。该守则确立了征收反补贴税的调查程序，对各种不同的出口补贴进行了一定的分类并区别对待，是总协定在反补贴方面第一个较为系统的法律文件，但影响范围有限。 • 3. WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》。乌拉圭回合将补贴与反补贴问题列入谈判日程，并最终达成了《补贴与反补贴措施协定》。协定由11个部分，32个条款和7个附件组成。对涉及补贴与反补贴的实体性和程序性问题均作出了规定。需要注意的是，《1994年补贴与反补贴措施协定》是WTO补贴与反补贴规则体系中最重要的组成部分，但不是WTO涉及补贴与反补贴问题的唯一法律依据。WTO补贴与反补贴法律制度还包括GATT 1947第6条及第16条，以及1994年的《农产品协定》。 Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

  24. 禁止性补贴 • (1)政府按出口实绩对企业直接给予补贴； • (2) 出口奖励； • (3)政府为出口货物提供优于内销货物的国内运输及运费； • (4)政府为用于出口商品生产的产品和劳务提供优惠的条件 (如政府为出口企业免费提供信息服务，对内销企业服务收费)； • (5)对出口产品的企业免除或减低或缓征直接税或社会福利费。直接税指对工资，利润，利息，租金，专利使用费和其他形式的收入所征收的税，及对不动产所有权征收的税； • (6)在计算应征收的直接税的基础上，给出口企业以特殊折扣； • (7)超额退还或免除出口企业的间接税。间接税是指销售税、消费税、增殖税、营业税、特许税、印花税、存货税、设备税、边境税及除直接税和进口费用外的所有税； • (8)超额免除或延期用于出口商品生产之货物或服务的前期累积间接税； • (9)超额退还用于生产出口商品的进口产品的进口税； • (10)政府按不能明显弥补费用和损失的保险费率,提供出口信贷保险或保证； • (11)政府以低于国际资本市场利率提供出口信贷, 或政府代为支付信贷费用； • (12)构成出口补贴的其他由公共开支的项目。 Chapter 4 WTO rules on Trade in goods

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