CLADIRI I -CURS – sem I BUILDING DESIGN 1 – 1 st semester s.l.univ . Ruxandra ERBASU

1. CLADIRI I -CURS – sem IBUILDING DESIGN 1 – 1 st semesters.l.univ. Ruxandra ERBASU

2. CAPITOLUL1/CHAPTER 1Notiuni introductive/Introductive notions 1. Particularitati ale produselor constructiisi ale activitatilor legate de acestea 2. Clasificarifunctionale ale constructiilor 3. Categoriisiclase de importanta 4. Elemente de legiferaretehnica a activitatilor de constructii 5. Conceptul de sistem in c-tii 6. Conceptul de performanta, principaleleelemente de continut 7.Directiva Europeana 89/106 –CEE siLegea 10/1995 referitoare la calitatea in constructii • Peculiarities of constructions as products and of activities related to them 2. Functional classification of constructions 3. Importance categories and classes 4. Technical regulations in constructions 5. System concept in buildings 6. Performance concept in buildings 7. European directive 89/106/1991 and Romanian Law 10/1995 concerning quality in construction

3. Particularitati ale produselorconstructiisi ale activitatilor de c-tii Produseleconstructii au un specific aparte, se individualizeazaprin particularitatice tin de procesul de conceptieproiectare ,executiesi intretinere – exploatare: • durata de viatadeosebit de mare :nici un produs al activitatiiumane nu esteproiectat cu o durata de viata in functionareatat de mare ca in cadrulconstructiilor(70-100) ani. Conceptia, proiectarea , executiasi intretinereaunuiobiect de constructietrebuiesa-iasiguredurabilitatefizica sifunctionala. Produseleconstructiivorfiutilizate de maimultegeneratii, deciperformantelelorconcepute la un moment istoric, trebuiesapoatefi adaptate la cele ale generatiilorviitoare. • lipsaseriei zero:pentruoriceprodus industrial esteobligatorie verificareasolutiei de proiectrezultandprototipulpe care se facincercari. In c-tii nu se pot testaprototipuri la scaranaturala, in regim real de exploataresi cu introducereafactoruluitimp. Proiectulunei c-tii nu poatefi imbunatatitcontinuuinainte de realizareaacesteia, iarfiabilitateadepinde de o multitudine de factoriuniicorespunzatorimomentuluiconstructiei, altii necunoscuti in timp.

4. 1. Peculiarities of constructions as products and of activities related to them   Constructions as products are special, and are individualized through whatpeculiarities hold on to the process of conception, design,execution andexploitation: • considerable increased life time: no otherproduct of human activity is designed with a durationof life in operation so great as buildings( 70-100) years. The conception, the design, the execution and maintenance of a construction must assure its physicaland functional durability. Constructions seen as products will be used-up of many generations, therefore their performances conceived to a historic moment, must be able to adjust to those of future generations. • the absence of the zero series: for any industrial product the verification of the design solution is compulsory thus resulting the prototype on which tests are performed.In constructions, there is no posibility to test prototypes to the natural scale, in the real regime ofexploitation and with the introduction of the factor of time. The design of a construction cannot be continuously improved prior to its execution and its reliableness depends on an innumerability of factors, some corresponding to the moment of the construction, others unknown in time.

5. dependentaperformantelor de amplasament: performantele constructiilorsunt in stransalegatura cu caracteristicileamplasamentului. In primul rand, sigurantamecanicasistabilitateadepind de caracteristicile terenului, interactiunea sol structurafiind de importantaprimara in procesul de proiectare, de asemenea, amplasamentulinfluenteazaprin particularitatileluiclimatice: vant, zapada, componentafizico-chimica a aerului, etc.. • impactulasupramediului natural:constructiilesuntproduseartificiale imobilesi de mare durata a carorprezentamodificaesentialmediul natural, stricandu-iechilibrulsiarmonia. S-a introdusconceptul de dezvoltare durabila a societatiicare urmarestesatisfacereanevoilorgeneratiei actualefara a compromitesansageneratiilorviitoare de a satisfacepropriile cerinteprezervandresurselesiechilibrulmediului natural • procesul de realizare are loc in mare parte in aerliber:executia de calitatedevinefoartedificilacandaceasta are loc in aerliber sub actiunea directa a factorilorclimaticiexteriori. Resurseletehnico-materialeocupa un volum mare, necesitaspatiu de depozitare, decioperatiile de aprovizionare siproductiesuntmaicomplexedecat in cazulaltorproduse.

6. dependency of their performances on the location: the performancesof the constructions are related to the features of its location. Mechanical safety and stability depends on the ground caracteristics, the soilstructure interaction being of primary importance in the process of design. In thesame time, the location influences through its climatic peculiarities: wind pressure, snow quantity, physico-chemical component of the air, etc.. • the impact upon the surroundings: the constructions are artificial products,motionless and of considerable life time, whose presence esentially modifiy the surroundings,damaging their equilibrium and harmony. The durable development concept of the society was introduced in the attempt of satisfyingthe needs of the current generation without compromising the chance of the future generations to satisfy their own requirements preserving the resources and the equilibrium of the surroundings • the execution process is in progress mainly outdoor:keeping the highstandards of the execution qualitybecomes very difficult when this is in progressin the open space, influenced directly by the climatic exterior factors.The tehnicaland mechanical resources require space of storage, therefore the operations ofsupplyand production becomes more complex

7. 2. Clasificarifunctionale ale constructiilor • Fiecare constructie are o destinatie functionala precisa, ştiută de proiectanţi, constructori şi utilizatori. Criteriul de funcţionalitate este cel mai important, in funcţie de acesta constructiile sunt împărţite în: cladiri civile industriale Constructii agrozootehnice constructii ingineresti • Construcţiile civile mai pot fi clasificate in: • clădiri rezidentiale • cladiri social culturale • cladiri administrative • cladiri comerciale si de administratie publica • cladiri pentru transporturi • cladiri pentru culte

8. 2.Functional classification of constructions Each construction must have a well specified functional destination, known by the designers, constructors and users. The functionality criteria is the most important , function of which constructions are divided in: civil buildings industrial (def) agro-zootehnical Constructions engineering constructions Civil buildings may be: - residential • social-cultural • administrative. commercial and for public alimentation • buildings used for transport purposes • religious buildings

9. 3.Categories and classes of building importance Specific regulations issued in Romania a few years ago stipulate designer’s obligations to establish the category of importance assigned to any building as a prerequisite of the design process. Accordingly, the following categories are defined: category A: buildings of exceptional importance; category B: buildings of special importance; category C: buildings of normal importance; category D: buildings of minor importance. The practical procedure to assign a certain category of importance to a building is based upon a number of factors ,namely: • qualification for vital importance; • social-economical or cultural importance; • environmental implications; • period of utilisation; • adaptability to site and environmental conditions; • amount of required resources (materials, energy, labour).

10. category A (exceptional importance):buildings whose damage could bring about catastrophic consequences, as well as buildings whose uninterrupted function is considered vital to society; • category B (special importance): buildings whose survival in case of disastrous events is necessary in order to remove the consequences of these events. Here should be also included buildings having special cultural and historical value; • category C (normal importance): the majority of buildings, which do not belong to other categories of importance; • category D (minor importance): building whose damage entails minor consequences to people’s life and health. • The category classification is a global one, regarding the construction as a whole, without referring precisely to certain exigencies.

11. more specific, and referring to the seismic behavior exigency, the Constructions are devided in classes of importance as follows: Class I includes buildings of vital importance to society, whose function during and immediately after an earthquake must be guaranteed. Examples: • hospitals, emergency (ambulance) stations, fire stations; • building for national and regional authorities with assigned duties in organising post-earthquake emergency activities; • buildings for national and regional communication systems; • electrical power plants with essential role for the national system; • museums of national importance.

12. Class II includes buildings of special importance, whose damage must berestricted, accounting for their potential consequences. Examples: • other buildings (than those specified for Class I) concerning health protection; • schools, nurseries, kinder-gardens, hostels for children, disabled and old people; buildings with people agglomeration, churches, auditoriums, show halls, sports halls, large stores and supermarkets; • buildings that shelter special artistic, historical and scientific valuable assets; • industrial building and facilities with high risk of fire or emanation of toxic matters; • industrial buildings that shelter special machinery and/or equipment, economically very valuable; • buildings that store products of strict necessity for people in case of emergencies.

13. Class III includes buildings of normal risk (others than those belonging to classes I, II, IV), such as: • residential buildings, hotels, hostels (except those included in Class II); • current-type industrial and agro-zootechnical buildings. • Class IV includes building of minor importance, such as: • low importance agro-zootechnical buildings (e.g. greenhouses, one-storey buildings and facilities for domestic animals); • one or two-storey individual residential buildings; • other buildings that shelter low-value items and where a restricted personnel carries out activities. • Presently, according to the in force regulations, both importance categories and classes must be specified on any project written and draw part.

14. 4. Tehnical regulations in buildings The widespread and complex activities performed in connection with building construction had to be necessarily governed by comprehensive compulsory rules, aiming and guaranteeing in the first place public health, safety and welfare. • Technical regulations form an important part of this ensemble of compulsory rules for constructions and are intended to achieve: • high - performance, correct, safe and sound, as well as economical design; • high quality production of materials, components, elements and subensembles; • high quality execution of site works, through correct application of technologies and procedures. Due to their compulsory character, technical regulations bring an essential contribution to the unification of criteria for analysis and selection of solutions for various technical and economical problems in building construction. On the other hand, due to the same compulsory character, technical regulations obviously exert constraints upon and impose limits to various parameters in the design, manufacturing of products and execution of constructions.

15. Harmonised standards are being produced in three main categories,namely: • category A standards: standards of design, codes of practice, etc. for the whole construction works (e.g. structural Eurocodes); • category B standards: specifications for materials and products; • category Bh standards, which may apply across a wide range of products, being related to testing methods and procedures, standards for measurement, etc. • The Construction Products Directive, together with the Public Works and Service Directives, form the legal basis for the development of technical standards and harmonisation. A special technical committee is producing a series of nine basic codes - Eurocodes – that set out design rules and standards, covering design criteria for most types of construction works and the structural materials used. The codes are first published in the form of pre – standards (ENVs), that intended to be used for the design in order to provide feedback information for modifications and improvement, where necessary, to be incorporated into the final European Standards(ENs). These latter will be transposed to replace gradually the existing national standards of the EU member states.

16. In the last decades a system of new technical regulations has been developed in Romania. They are organised on several hierarchic levels, interconnected to each other, and are being subjected to periodical revision and updating, in according with national and international scientific and technological progress. Lately, new editions of Romanian technical regulations are being orientated towards gradual harmonisation with those issued within the framework of the European Union. The standards are technical regulations that establish characteristics for construction materials, elements, subensembles, equipment etc, as well as basic concepts, principles and data for design, execution and acceptance of buildings. Some typical categories of such standards are: • standards for materials (e.g. steel reinforcement bars, laminated profiles and others steel products; natural and artificial aggregates, cement, lime, water, additives for concrete; concrete - normal or with special characteristics - mortars; bricks and ceramic blocks; timber and other wooden products; thermal-insulating, acoustical-insulating and waterproofing materials, finishing materials etc);

17. standards for elements and equipment (e.g. plain, reinforced or prestressed prefabricated elements; partitioning elements; doors and windows; equipment for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, water supply and drainage, waste disposal, electrical supply, telecommunication, mechanical transportation, and so on); • standards for design(e.g. actions on buildings; soil mechanics and foundations ; design of plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete, steel, masonry and timber structures,; thermotechnics, acoustics and illumination of buildings; performances; modular co-ordination and tolerances; drawings etc). The codes are more specific, are technical regulations that apply basic concepts, principlesand data established by standards to various categories or types of buildings, as well as to specific or complementary problems related to their design, execution and acceptance. Some representative kinds of present Romanian codes for building construction (many of them labelled with the old term “norms”) are listed below, in relation with:

18. functional design (e.g. buildings destined to various functions, such as dwellings, hotels, schools, hospitals, theatres, sports halls, offices et al); • fire safety; • protection against deterioration due to natural and artificial agents; • structural design and computation analysis (e.g. earthquake-resistance design, reinforced concrete structures of various types – with frames or shear walls, cast-in-place or prefabricated -, masonry, steel and timber structures etc); • geotechnics and foundations (e.g. shallow and deep foundations of various types, foundations on soil with special properties, strengthening of weak soils etc); • reinforced concrete design and construction – specific cases (e.g. lightweight concrete, cold-formed wire-mesh reinforcement, welded joints of reinforcement, formworks, concrete curing et al); • masonry and walls (e.g. stone, brick, lightweight concrete and cellular concrete blocks masonry, partition walls of various types, watertightness of exterior walls joints etc);

19. steel design and construction – specific cases (e.g. cold-formed profile elements, high-strength bolt joints et al); • design and execution of roofing, insulation, waterproofing, finishes etc); • design and execution of systems and equipment for heating, ventilation and air conditioning, water supply an drainage, electrical supply, gas supply, telecommunications, mechanical transportation, etc); • maintenance and repair works. Other technical regulations, focused on limited and specific matters include: • technical instructions, technical specifications, technological cards and procedures, as well as catalogues with unified or typified details.