Karen Walker, ProAct Network Martin Suvatne, Shelter Adviser, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)

1. 1. Climate Change Mitigation (protecting the environment)2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment) Karen Walker, ProAct Network Martin Suvatne, Shelter Adviser, Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)

2. EXAMPLE Burundi – NRC shelter solutions 1.Climate Change Mitigation (protecting the environment)

3. NRC Shelter Program Burundi • Reintegration of Burundian returnees from Tanzania, • Protection of Congolese refugees in camps since 1997 • > 13,000 Shelters focus on ownership and responsibility • > 200 permanent and 600 semi-permanent classrooms • Study on improvements or possible alternatives for the use of materials with limited adverse environmental impact

4. Typical solutions for returnees • NRC Shelter Policy: • Integrate environmentally friendly materials and appropriate technology

5. NRC provides basic materials

6. Temporary Schools Timber frame + plastic sheeting walls + corrugated iron roof Cost : USD 1,300 Lifespan : up to 5 yrs

7. Semi-permanent Schools Cement block windows Cost : USD 3,500 Lifespan: 15 to 20 years • Adobe structure on hardcore foundation • Reinforced concrete columns • Timber frame + corrugated iron roof

8. Permanent Schools Reinforced concrete structure completed with fired bricks Metallic frame and corrugated iron roof Cost USD 12,000

9. Environmental Impact • Key considerations : • Adobe bricks : where from? topsoil reuse? safety of pits? • Fired bricks : where from? type of kiln? efficiency and wood use? • Hardcore, gravel : source? sensitive area? • Timber : source? type of wood? certified? • Iron sheeting : source? transport? • Local purchase vs. import and transport • Environmental checklist

10. Conclusion • Knowledge of suppliers and material sources • Appropriate designs developed with local communities and • technicians • Awareness of key environmental impacts (simple checklist) •  Simple, local measures can ensure that NRC reduces its • contribution to the global problem (a bit at least)

11. Wood Distribution, Use and Management Wood distribution

12. Wood Distribution, Use and Management Charcoal production

13. Cooking Practices and Stoves Traditional 3 stone fire Improved mud stove Locally made charcoal stove

14. Briquettes: “Tabarigiti” • Made in Bujumbura from • 50% coffee husk • 20% rice husk • 15% cotton husk • 10% cow dung • 5% wood chips • Common complaints: slow lighting • excessive smoke inefficient

15. Firewood Use – Main Issues • Evidence of excessive wood distribution - charcoal production • Supplier certificates may be fake • Low awareness and knowledge of fuel-efficient cooking techniques • Food types such as beans increase cooking time and wood consumption • Adding insulation to shelters would reduce wood consumption for heating • Lack of baselinedata on surrounding forestry resources and management

16. Risk Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis 2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment)

17. RISK ANALYSIS Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006

18. RISK ANALYSIS • Institutional characteristics: technical and financial capacities, responsibilities, roles, • Legal frameworks, norms, laws, human rights, • Politics, corruption, power and property structures, • Poverty, • Risk and protectionperception, local wisdom, • Education, social organizations (NGOs), access to information, • Gender aspects, minorities, old and young people, • Usable soil, soil stability • Usable water, • Vegetation, biodiversity, forests, resource degradation, • Stability of the ecosystems. Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006

19. RISK ANALYSIS • Technical construction method/quality of settlements and buildings, • Basic infrastructure (transport, energy, communications, water), • Population growth and density, age structure. • Socioeconomic status, income and economic structure, • Land use, technology and agricultural cultivation structure, • Access to resources and services (water, energy, health, transport) • Reserves and financing opportunities; • Incentive or enforcement systems for prevention and mitigation, Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006

20. RISK ANALYSIS Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2005

21. RISK ANALYSIS Map of Floods Potential in DIY Source: Pusat Studi Bencana UGM. 2007

22. RISK ANALYSIS  LAND USE PLANNING Land use proposed for urban areas. Source POT Bogota, 2000

23. LAND USE PLANNING  COMMUNITY PLANNING

24. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Major weather-induced natural disasters, 1950 –2002 (source: Münchener Rück - Munich Re)

25. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Encompasses calculation of the probability that a natural event will occur at a given location with a certain intensity; what can happen and how often? The degree of destruction – from the humanitarian, economic and ecological perspectives – as a function of the intensity of the event; how severe will it be? Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006

26. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS The combination of hazard and vulnerability functions yields the risk; the probability that damage will occur on a certain scale; how big will the damage be? The costs of risk reduction result from the construction and maintenance costs for an infrastructural measures and humanresources development; how much would it cost to prevent destruction? Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006

27. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS the originalloss-frequencycurve, generated without risk-reducing measures, is compared with the loss-frequency curvewith risk reduction. what seems cheaper, prevention or pay the damage? The total netbenefit of a project is determined by extrapolatingthe benefits calculated in step 5 onto the lifespan of the project. The total costs for preventive measures, and maintenance costs, are then subtracted from this value. what is cheaper in the long run? Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006

28. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Methods to determine the net benefit of projects: • A probabilistic approach, which calculates the risk on the basis of a detailed analysis of hazard and vulnerability. • A damage-based approach, which takes damage caused by past events as a basis for calculating the present and future risk. Source: GTZ, Toolkit Disaster Risk Management, Eschborn 2006

29. 1.Climate Change Reduction (protecting the environment)2. Climate Change Adaptation (protection from the environment) • Discussion Points: • What do we know about the impact of the changed climate on shelter? • What do we have to do different with our shelter? • What does it cost to build different shelter and neigbourhoods? • What does climate change mitigation mean to us? • What does climate change adaptation mean to us?