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Water Contamination and Human Health. Water Contamination. C ontamination is caused by pollution from foreign matter such as microorganisms , chemicals, industrial or other wastes, or sewage. Many forms of water contamination can be harmful to human health.
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Water Contamination • Contamination is caused by pollution from foreign matter such as microorganisms, chemicals, industrial or other wastes, or sewage. • Many forms of water contamination can be harmful to human health. • Contamination can occur naturally, but it is mostly due to human activity.
Common Causes of Contamination • Human and animal sewage • Leakage from underground storage tanks • Urban run-off • Mines • Landfills and waste dumps • Industrial emissions and waste disposal • Pesticides • Agricultural run-off from crops
Types of Contaminants Water contaminants can be broken into the following categories: • Microorganisms • Disinfectants • Disinfection byproducts • Inorganic chemicals • Organic chemicals • Radionuclides
Example Contaminants Microbial contaminants include bacteria, viruses, and parasites such as: • Cytosporidium • Giardia lambia • Legionella • E. coli • Enteroviruses
Example Contaminants Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Inorganic Chemicals Examples include: Arsenic Barium Cadmium Chromium Copper Cyanide Mercury Nitrates/Nitrites Examples include: • Chlorine • Bromate • Chlorite
Example Contaminants Organic Chemicals Radionuclides Examples include: Radium Radon Uranium Examples include: • Acrylamide • Benzene • Carbon tetrachloride • PCBs • Styrene • Vinyl chloride
Drinking Water Standards • Public water supplies are legally required to meet national standards meant to protect public health by limiting the levels of contaminants in drinking water. • Private water supplies from wells are not regulated. It is up to well owners to have their water tested.
Drinking Water Testing Drinking water is often tested for the following: Phosphates Silica Sulfates Nitrates Nitrites Radon Lead Mercury Turbidity Hardness • Total coliforms • Fecal coliforms • Ammonium • pH • Chlorine • Chromium • Copper • Cyanide • Iron • Manganese
Conditions Requiring Testing Source: http://water.epa.gov/drink/info/well/faq.cfm
Water Test You will test both the Williams’ well water as well as the water you collected from a local source for the following contaminants: Copper Cyanide Iron Nitrates Phosphates Silica Sulfide • Mercury • Lead • Radon • Ammonium nitrogen • pH • Chlorine • Chromium
Mercury • Mercury is a naturally occurring element found in many rocks including coal. When coal is burned, mercury is released into the environment. • Mercury in the air eventually settles into water or onto land where it can be washed into water. • Once deposited, certain microorganisms can change mercury into methylmercury, a highly toxic form that builds up in fish, shellfish, and animals that eat fish.
Lead • Lead is a naturally occurring bluish-gray metal found in small amounts in the earth's crust. • Lead can be found in all parts of our environment. Much of it comes from human activities including burning fossil fuels, mining, and manufacturing.
Radon • Radon is a cancer causing, radioactive gas. • Radon comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, and water and gets into the air. • Radon can get into any type of building and result in a high indoor radon level. • The greatest exposure occurs at home, where you spend most of your time.
Ammonium • Ammonium is produced when microorganisms break down organic nitrogen products such as urea and proteins in manure. • Ammonia can lead to eutrophication, or nutrient over-enrichment, of surface waters. • The overabundance of nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) can lead to the over-growth of algae and the resulting “blooms” can cause taste and odor problem and sometimes involve toxin-producing species.
pH • pH is an expression of hydrogen ion concentration in water. • pH indicates the degree of basicity or acidity of a solution ranked on a scale of 0 to 14, with pH 7 being neutral. • Low pH indicates acidity and high pH indicates basicity • Water should be neutral with a pH close to 7. • Chemical contamination tends to make water acidic or basic
Chlorine • The gaseous or liquid form of chlorine (CL2) is a water additive used by municipal water systems to control microbes.
Chromium • Chromium, a metallic element, is found in rocks, soil, plants, and animals. It is also used in steel making, metal plating, leather tanning, paints, dyes, and wood preservatives. • Chromium-3 has relatively low toxicity and would be a concern in drinking water only at very high levels of contamination, unlike chromium-6 and -0, which are more toxic and pose potential health risks to people.
Copper • Copper is a metal found in natural deposits such as ores containing other elements. • Copper is widely used in household plumbing materials. • Copper may cause health problems if present in public or private water supplies in amounts greater than the drinking water standard set by EPA.
Cyanide • Cyanide is a carbon-nitrogen chemical unit. • The most commonly used form, hydrogen cyanide, is mainly used to make compounds and other synthetic fibers and resins. • Cyanide may cause health problems if present in public or private water supplies in amounts greater than the drinking water standard set by EPA.
Iron • Iron is a trace element needed by plants and animals in small amounts. • Iron is derived from minerals in the soil and underlying rocks. • Presence of iron in water results in “hard” water and creates an unpleasant odor and taste. • Iron is not considered to present a risk to human health.
Nitrates • Nitrates and nitrites are nitrogen-oxygen chemical units which combine with various organic and inorganic compounds. • The greatest use of nitrates is as a fertilizer. Once taken into the body, nitrates are converted to nitrites. • Nitrates may cause health problems if present in amounts greater than the drinking water standard set by EPA.
Phosphates • Phosphorus is one of the key elements necessary for growth of plants and animals. • Phosphates in high amounts are often due to use of fertilizers and organic pesticides. • Phosphates do not affect human health unless present in very high amounts.
Silica • Silica, the chemical compound silicon dioxide, is most commonly found in nature as sand or quartz • Silica in drinking water does not pose a health risk for humans.
Sulfide • Sulfates are one form of sulfur species found in water. • Pesticide residuals and manufacturing wastes are sources of pollutant sulfur species. • Sulfates are reduced by a strain of bacteria to hydrogen sulfide, which give the water a rotten egg smell. • Sulfates in large amounts may cause negative health effects.