Chapter 28 First Aid and Emergencies

1. Chapter 28 First Aid and Emergencies

2. Lesson 1: Providing First Aid First Aid - the immediate, temporary care given to an ill or injured person until professional medical care can be provided.

3. Universal Precautions Actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluids as if they contained pathogens. Pathogen-organism that causes disease.

4. Examples of universal precautions Wearing Gloves Washing Hands

5. CPR Face Shield Protective Ventilation Device

6. Responding to an Emergency Check,Call, Care

7. 1. Check the scene and the victim. 2. Call for help. 3. Provide care for the victim.

8. Types of open wounds: Abrasion - also known as a scrape - damages outer layers of skin - little or no bleeding - become infected easily - caused by scraping or rubbing

10. Laceration - or cut - have jagged or smooth edges - will have bleeding as well as damage to nerves,blood vessels, and soft tissues - may be caused by knife, broken glass, or blunt object

11. Laceration

12. Puncture - a piercing of the skin - caused by pin, splinter, or pointed object - limited external bleeding - increased possibility of internal damage, bleeding, and infection

13. Avulsion - results when tissue is separated partly or completely from a person’s body - usually occur in auto accidents and from animal bites - severed part should be sent with person to hospital - pack part in ice or ice water

14. Avulsion

15. First Aid for Bleeding Cover wound with sterile gauze or clean cloth and press firmly. If possible, elevate wound above the level of the heart. Cover the gauze or cloth dressing with a sterile bandage.

16. If necessary, cover the dressing with a pressure bandage and/or use pressure point bleeding control. Call for help or have someone else do so. “911”

17. Pressure Point Bleeding Control

18. Blood Types • Type May Receive • A A, O • B B, O • AB A, B, AB, O Universal Receiver • O O Universal Donor • Rh factor - a protein found in some blood

19. Severe Burns: First degree burns: - are superficial - involve top layer of skin - heal in 5 to 6 days - example: most sunburns

21. Second degree burns: - involves top several layers of skin - will have blisters and appear blotchy - 3 to 4 weeks to heal

24. Third degree burns: - the most serious burns - destroys skin, nerves, muscles, fat, and bones - appears black or brown

26. First Aid for Severe Burns Ease burn with plenty of cool water Place a clean dry dressing over the burned area to prevent infection Raise area above the level of the heart if possible Treat for shock

27. Do not attempt to remove clothing that is stuck to the burn or to treat burns where the skin has been burned away.

28. Lesson 2: CPR and First Aid for Shock and Choking

29. Life-Threatening Emergencies TIME IS CRITICAL!!!! Chain of Survival-sequence of actions that maximize the victim’s chances of survival. If victim is adult, you begin the first two links in the chain. Call 911 Begin CPR

30. Early defibrillation transfer to advanced care Usually responsibility of emergency medical personnel Defibrillator-device that delivers an electric shock to the heart to restore its normal rhythm.

31. CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)-a life-saving first aid procedure that combines rescue breaths with chest compressions, supply oxygen to the body until normal body functions can resume.

32. CPR for Adults ABC’s A-Airway-look inside victim’s mouth. Gently tilt the head back by lifting the chin with one hand while pushing down on the forehead with the other. Figure 28.3 pg. 743

34. B-Breathing-Look, listen, and feel for breathing. If victim is NOT breathing normally, begin rescue breathing. 1. Keeping the victim’s head in the proper position, pinch the nostrils shut. 2. Place your mouth over the victim’s mouth, forming a seal. Give 2 slow breaths, each about 2 seconds long. The victim’s chest should rise with each breath.

35. C-Circulation-Check for signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing, or movement. If NO signs of circulation, a person trained in CPR should begin chest compressions.

36. Adult CPR Cycles

37. First Aid for Shock Shock-failure of the cardiovascular system to keep an adequate supply of blood circulating to the vital organs of the body. Life-threatening-requires immediate medical attention.

38. Types of Shock *  Hemorrhagic (resulting from the loss of blood. *  Metabolic (resulting from profound fluid loss in an untreated illness). *  Cardiogenic (resulting from injury to the heart itself). *  Neurogenic (resulting from the loss of effective nervous control of blood vessels). *  Toxic or septic (resulting from the effect of toxic substances on the body). *  Respiratory (resulting from impaired breathing). *  Psychogenic (fainting).  *  Anaphylactic (a form of toxic shock that follows an overwhelming allergic reaction).

39. Common symptoms of shock: Rapid breathing and pulse Altered consciousness Nausea Pale or ashen appearance Cool, moist skin Restlessness or irritability

40. First Aid for Shock • Phone 911 • Control any external bleeding • Elevate legs about 12 inches, unless you suspect head or back injury • Never give the victim anything to eat or drink • Reassure victim

43. Choking Choking - occurs when a piece of food becomes lodged in the trachea or windpipe. -universal choking signal - both hands placed at the throat

45. First Aid for Choking (conscious victim) Heimlich maneuver or abdominal thrust - the application of sudden pressure on the victim’s diaphragm so as to expel the substance blocking the airway 1. Wrap arms around the victim’s waist. Place your hand halfway between the lower sternum and the naval with your thumb side of your hand against their abdomen.

47. 2. Grasp your fist with the other hand, and press into the abdomen with quick upward thrusts until the blockage is dislodged. ** if you are by yourself perform abdominal thrusts on yourself by leaning over the back of a chair or the edge of a table

49. Choking Infant (conscious) 1. Place the infant on a downward angle over your arm. (face down) 2. Using the heel of your other hand, give five quick blows to the baby’s back between the shoulder blades. 3.Turn the infant over. Press two fingers into the middle of the baby’s sternum (chest thrust), repeat five times. 4. Alternate administering back blows and chest thrusts until the object is dislodged.